TIGA KALI PANGGIL NAMA HANTU INI, MATA KAMU AKAN LEPAS!
Hantu merupakan sosok yang menyeramkan, beberapa hantu memiliki mitos, salah satunya ‘Bloody Mary’ yang katanya jika kita sebut namanya 3 kali didepan cermin, Bloody Mary akan mencongkel mata kita hingga lepas. Cerita dan legenda ‘Bloody Mary’ sudah ada puluhan tahun yang lalu namum cerita menyeramkan kisah hantu ini masih menakutkan bagi sebagian orang.
Mitosnya jika kita menyebutkan nama ‘Bloody Mary’ sebanyak tiga kali didepan cermin terutama cermin kamar mandi maka kamu akan mengalami hal hal berikit, seperti dikutip dari palingseru.com
1. Mata akan dicabut dari wajah.
2. Mati dengan bekas cakaran di seluruh tubuh dan wajah.
3. Menghilang secara misterius dari kamar mandi dan terperangkap bersama hantu tersebut di dalam kaca.
Ada banyak versi mengenai asal-muasal legenda ini. Pertama berasal dari wanita bernama Mary Worth yang dipercaya adalah seorang penyihir pada ratusan tahun lalu. Sementara itu sumber lain menyebutkan bahwa Mary Worth adalah seorang gadis cantik yang mengalami kecelakaan parah, sehingga wajahnya menjadi buruk rupa. Sejak kecelakaan tersebut tak ada orang yang mau melihat wajahnya. Mary Worth juga tak diperkenankan melihat wajahnya sendiri. Akhirnya karena rasa penasaran, pada suatu malam Mary Worth menyelinap ke kamar mandi dan melihat pantulan wajahnya di cermin. Mary menjadi ketakutan dan marah, serta bersumpah bahwa dia akan merusak wajah siapapun yang mencarinya di depan kaca.
Versi lain menyebut bahwa nama Mary berasal dari nama Ratu Inggris Mary Tudor yang berperangai kejam dan telah membunuh banyak orang, sehingga dia pernah dijuluki sebagai Bloody Mary.
Jika ingin mencoba membuktikan sendiri, cara melakukannya cukup mudah. Anda hanya membutuhkan cermin di kamar mandi serta sebuah lilin. Matikan lampu kamar mandi dan biarkan hanya lilin yang menyala. Lakukan saat tengah malam. Setelah itu, ucapkan Bloody Mary sebanyak 13 kali.
Rabu, 25 Desember 2013
Senin, 16 Desember 2013
daftar orang terkaya di dunia 2013
Orang Terkaya di Dunia
Versi Forbes rilis Maret 2013:1. Carlos Slim HeluJumlah kekayaan: 73 Miliar USD (Rp708,5 triliun) – Kebangsaan: Mexico – Usia: 73Carlos merupakan pengusaha yang juga seorang filantropis. Saat ini ia menjabat sebagai CEO sebuah perusahaan telekomunikasi Teléfonos de México dan América Movil. Carlos telah 3 kali menyabet posisi nomor wahid orang terkaya sejak 2011.2. Bill GatesJumlah kekayaan: 67 Miliar USD (Rp611,4 triliun) – Kebangsaan: AS – Usia: 57Bill Gates adalah seorang pebisnis, penulis, filantropis, yang sebelumnya menjabat sebagai CEO Microsoft. Gates lahir di Seattle, Washington, 28 Oktober 1955. Dia telah menyabet posisi orang terkaya nomer satu semenjak 1995 – 2009 (kecuali 2008 posisi 3).3. Amancia OrtegaJumlah kekayaan: 57 Miliar USD (Rp553,1 triliun) – Kebangsaan: Spanyol – Usia: 67Ortega merupakan CEO dari perusahan Inditex. Pria kelahiran 28 Maret 1936 ini ditetapkan sebagai orang terkaya di Spanyol oleh Forbes. Tahun sebelumnya berada di posisi ke-5, kini naik di posisi 3.4. Warren BuffetJumlah kekayaan: 53,5 Miliar USD(Rp519,2 triliun) – Kebangsaan: AS – Usia: 82Lahir di Omaha, Nebraska, Amerika Serikat, 30 Agustus 1930, Buffet berkiprah sebagai investor papan atas di negaranya yaitu Amerika. Posisinya sendiri mengalami penurunan dari tahun lalu yang berada di urutan ke-3.5. Larry EllisonJumlah kekayaan: 43 Miliar USD (Rp417,3 triliun) – Kebangsaan: AS – Usia: 68Pria kelahiran Manhattan, New York, Amerika Serikat, 17 Agustus 1944 ini merupakan pendiri sekaligus CEO perusahaan software Oracle Corp. Posisinya di tahun ini naik satu peringkat dibanding tahun lalu.6. Charles KochJumlah kekayaan: 34 Miliar USD (Rp330 triliun) – Kebangsaan: AS – Usia: 77Pria kelahiran 1 November 1935 ini adalah pengusaha yang sangat fantastis. Tahun 2012 lalu Koch masih berada di posisi ke-18 daftar orang terkaya versi Forbes. Tahun ini posisinya meroket secara drastis ke posisi 6.7. David KochJumlah kekayaan: 34 Miliar USD (Rp330 triliun) – Kebangsaan: AS – Usia: 72David merupakan adik dari Charles Koch, mereka berdua adalah pemilih usaha Koch Industri. Pengusaha sekaligus aktifis politik ini sendiri namanya belum pernah masuk daftar orang terkaya di dunia.8. Li Ka ShingJumlah kekayaan: 31 Miliar USD (Rp300,9 triliun) – Kebangsaan: China – Usia: 84Li Ka Shing lahir pada 13 Juni 1928, berprofesi sebagai pengusaha yang berasal dari Hongkong. Shing sendiri saat ini merupakan orang China terkaya di dunia dan di Asia Timur.9. Liliane BettencourtJumlah kekayaan: 30 Miliar USD (Rp291,1 triliun) – Kebangsaan: Prancis – Usia: 90Lahir 21 Oktober 1922, Ia adalah anak tunggal dari Eugène Schueller, pendiri L’Oréal. siapa yang tidak kenal perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang kosmetik dan kecantikan ini. Tahun 2013 ini merupakan pertama kalinya nama Liliane masuk daftar 10 besar orang terkaya di Dunia versi Forbes.10. Bernard ArnaultJumlah kekayaan: 29 Miliar USD (Rp281,4 triliun) – Kebangsaan: Prancis – Usia: 64Pria yang lahir pada 5 Maret 1949 ini adalah CEO dari perusahan terbesar yang memproduksi barang-barang mewah, yaitu perusahaan LVMH. Posisi Arnault sendiri turun dari posisi yang sebelumnya di posisi 4 ke posisi 10. Kekayaanya yang sebelumnya berjumlah 40 Miliar USD turun jadi 29 Miliar USD. Update 3 September 2013Versi Bloomberg Millionaires Index :1. Bill GatesJumlah Kekayaan: 70,5 Miliar USD2. Carlos SlimJumlah kekayaan: 62,3 Miliar USD3. Warren BuffettJumlah kekayaan: 57,3 Miliar USD4. Amancio OrtegaJumlah kekayaan: 54,8 Miliar USD5. Ingvar KampradJumlah Kekayaan: 47,9 Miliar USD6. Charles KochJumlah Kekayaan: 44,8 Miliar USD7. David KochJumlah Kekayaan: $44,8 Miliar USD8. Larry EllisonJumlah Kekayaan: $39,4 Miliar USD9. Christy WaltonJumlah Kekayaan: 37,7 Miliar USD10. Jim WaltonJumlah Kekayaan: 35,6 Miliar USDDemikianlah nama-nama orang terkaya di dunia 2013 menurut versi Forbes dan Bloomberg. Semoga menjadi informasi bermanfaat dan bisa memotivasi pembaca. Wassalam.
Versi Forbes rilis Maret 2013:1. Carlos Slim HeluJumlah kekayaan: 73 Miliar USD (Rp708,5 triliun) – Kebangsaan: Mexico – Usia: 73Carlos merupakan pengusaha yang juga seorang filantropis. Saat ini ia menjabat sebagai CEO sebuah perusahaan telekomunikasi Teléfonos de México dan América Movil. Carlos telah 3 kali menyabet posisi nomor wahid orang terkaya sejak 2011.2. Bill GatesJumlah kekayaan: 67 Miliar USD (Rp611,4 triliun) – Kebangsaan: AS – Usia: 57Bill Gates adalah seorang pebisnis, penulis, filantropis, yang sebelumnya menjabat sebagai CEO Microsoft. Gates lahir di Seattle, Washington, 28 Oktober 1955. Dia telah menyabet posisi orang terkaya nomer satu semenjak 1995 – 2009 (kecuali 2008 posisi 3).3. Amancia OrtegaJumlah kekayaan: 57 Miliar USD (Rp553,1 triliun) – Kebangsaan: Spanyol – Usia: 67Ortega merupakan CEO dari perusahan Inditex. Pria kelahiran 28 Maret 1936 ini ditetapkan sebagai orang terkaya di Spanyol oleh Forbes. Tahun sebelumnya berada di posisi ke-5, kini naik di posisi 3.4. Warren BuffetJumlah kekayaan: 53,5 Miliar USD(Rp519,2 triliun) – Kebangsaan: AS – Usia: 82Lahir di Omaha, Nebraska, Amerika Serikat, 30 Agustus 1930, Buffet berkiprah sebagai investor papan atas di negaranya yaitu Amerika. Posisinya sendiri mengalami penurunan dari tahun lalu yang berada di urutan ke-3.5. Larry EllisonJumlah kekayaan: 43 Miliar USD (Rp417,3 triliun) – Kebangsaan: AS – Usia: 68Pria kelahiran Manhattan, New York, Amerika Serikat, 17 Agustus 1944 ini merupakan pendiri sekaligus CEO perusahaan software Oracle Corp. Posisinya di tahun ini naik satu peringkat dibanding tahun lalu.6. Charles KochJumlah kekayaan: 34 Miliar USD (Rp330 triliun) – Kebangsaan: AS – Usia: 77Pria kelahiran 1 November 1935 ini adalah pengusaha yang sangat fantastis. Tahun 2012 lalu Koch masih berada di posisi ke-18 daftar orang terkaya versi Forbes. Tahun ini posisinya meroket secara drastis ke posisi 6.7. David KochJumlah kekayaan: 34 Miliar USD (Rp330 triliun) – Kebangsaan: AS – Usia: 72David merupakan adik dari Charles Koch, mereka berdua adalah pemilih usaha Koch Industri. Pengusaha sekaligus aktifis politik ini sendiri namanya belum pernah masuk daftar orang terkaya di dunia.8. Li Ka ShingJumlah kekayaan: 31 Miliar USD (Rp300,9 triliun) – Kebangsaan: China – Usia: 84Li Ka Shing lahir pada 13 Juni 1928, berprofesi sebagai pengusaha yang berasal dari Hongkong. Shing sendiri saat ini merupakan orang China terkaya di dunia dan di Asia Timur.9. Liliane BettencourtJumlah kekayaan: 30 Miliar USD (Rp291,1 triliun) – Kebangsaan: Prancis – Usia: 90Lahir 21 Oktober 1922, Ia adalah anak tunggal dari Eugène Schueller, pendiri L’Oréal. siapa yang tidak kenal perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang kosmetik dan kecantikan ini. Tahun 2013 ini merupakan pertama kalinya nama Liliane masuk daftar 10 besar orang terkaya di Dunia versi Forbes.10. Bernard ArnaultJumlah kekayaan: 29 Miliar USD (Rp281,4 triliun) – Kebangsaan: Prancis – Usia: 64Pria yang lahir pada 5 Maret 1949 ini adalah CEO dari perusahan terbesar yang memproduksi barang-barang mewah, yaitu perusahaan LVMH. Posisi Arnault sendiri turun dari posisi yang sebelumnya di posisi 4 ke posisi 10. Kekayaanya yang sebelumnya berjumlah 40 Miliar USD turun jadi 29 Miliar USD. Update 3 September 2013Versi Bloomberg Millionaires Index :1. Bill GatesJumlah Kekayaan: 70,5 Miliar USD2. Carlos SlimJumlah kekayaan: 62,3 Miliar USD3. Warren BuffettJumlah kekayaan: 57,3 Miliar USD4. Amancio OrtegaJumlah kekayaan: 54,8 Miliar USD5. Ingvar KampradJumlah Kekayaan: 47,9 Miliar USD6. Charles KochJumlah Kekayaan: 44,8 Miliar USD7. David KochJumlah Kekayaan: $44,8 Miliar USD8. Larry EllisonJumlah Kekayaan: $39,4 Miliar USD9. Christy WaltonJumlah Kekayaan: 37,7 Miliar USD10. Jim WaltonJumlah Kekayaan: 35,6 Miliar USDDemikianlah nama-nama orang terkaya di dunia 2013 menurut versi Forbes dan Bloomberg. Semoga menjadi informasi bermanfaat dan bisa memotivasi pembaca. Wassalam.
Tanaman obat keluarga
Tanaman obat keluarga (disingkat TOGA) adalahtanaman hasil budidaya rumahan yang berkhasiat sebagai obat.[1] Taman obat keluarga pada hakekatnya adalah sebidang tanah, baik di halaman rumah, kebun ataupun ladang yang digunakan untuk membudidayakan tanaman yang berkhasiat sebagai obat dalam rangka memenuhi keperluan keluarga akan obat-obatan.[1] Kebun tanaman obat atau bahan obat dan selanjutnya dapat disalurkan kepada masyarakat, khususnya obat yang berasal dari tumbuh-tumbuhan.[1] Budidaya tanaman obat untuk keluarga (TOGA) dapat memacu usaha kecil dan menengah di bidang obat-obatan herbal sekalipun dilakukan secara individual.[1] Setiap keluarga dapat membudidayakan tanaman obat secara mandiri dan memanfaatkannya, sehingga akan terwujud prinsip kemandirian dalam pengobatan keluarga.[1]
SejarahSunting
Tanaman obat dari Cina.
Mesir kuno
Pada zaman Mesir kuno (Tahun 2500 Sebelum Masehi), para budak diberi ransum bawang untuk membantu menghilangkan banyak penyakit demam dan infeksi yang umum terjadi pada masa itu.[2] Sejak itulah catatan pertama tentang penulisan tanaman obat dan berbagai khasiatnya telah dikumpulkan oleh orang-orang mesir kuno.[2] Sejumlah besar resep penggunaan produk tanaman untuk pengobatan berbagai penyakit, gejala-gejala penyakit dan diagnosanya tercantum dalam (Papyrus Ehers).[3]Pada saat itu, para pendeta Mesir kuno telah melakukan dan mempraktekkan pengobatanherbal.[2]
Yunani kuno
Bangsa Yunani kuno juga banyak menyimpan catatan mengenai penggunaan tanaman obat yaituHyppocrates (Tahun 466 Sebelum Masehi),Theophrastus (Tahun 372 Sebelum Masehi) danPedanios Dioscorides (Tahun 100 Sebelum Masehi)membuat himpunan keterangan terinci mengenai ribuan tanaman obat dalam De Materia Medica.[3]Orang-orang Yunani kuno juga telah melakukan pengobatan herbal.[2] Mereka menemukan berbagai tanaman obat baru, seperti rosemary dan lavenderpada saat mengadakan perjalanan ke berbagai daratan lain.[2]
Cina
Tanaman obat di Cina berlangsung sekitar 3.000 tahun yang lalu, ketika muncul penyembuhan kerapuhan tulang oleh dukun Wu.[4] Pada waktu itu, penyakit ini diyakini disebabkan oleh kekuatan jahat, sehingga menurut dukun Wu diperlukan obat dari tanaman untuk mengusir kekuatan jahat itu.[4]Bahkan, bahan penyembuhan tertua dalam sejarah telah ditemukan di China, di mana makam seorang bangsawan Han ditemukan untuk menyimpan data medis yang ditulis pada gulungan sutra.[4] Gulungan sutra berisi daftar 247 tumbuh-tumbuhan dan bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam menyembuhkan penyakit.[4]
Inggris
Di Inggris, penggunaan tanaman obat dikembangkan bersamaan dengan didirikannya biara-biara di seluruh negeri.[2] Setiap biara memiliki tamanan obat masing-masing yang digunakan untuk merawat parapendeta maupun para penduduk setempat.[2] Pada beberapa daerah, khususnya Wales dan Skotlandia, orang-orang Druid dan para penyembuh Celtikmenggunakan obat-obatan dalam perayaan agamadan ritual mereka.[2] Pengetahuan tanaman obat semakin berkembang dengan terciptanya mesin cetak pada abad ke 15, sehingga penulisan mengenaiTanaman-Tanaman Obat dapat dilakukan.[2]Sekitar tahun 1630, John Parkinson dari Londonmenulis mengenai tanaman obat dari berbagai tanaman.[2] Nicholas Culpepper ( 1616-1654 )dengan karyanya yang paling terkenal yaitu The Complete Herbal and English Physician, Enlarged, diterbitkan pada tahun 1649.[2] Pada tahun 1812,Henry Potter telah memulai bisnisnya menyediakan berbagai tanaman obat dan berdagang lintah.[2] Sejak saat itu banyak sekali pengetahuan tradisional dan cerita rakyat tentang tanaman obat dapat ditemukan mulai dari Inggris, Eropa, Timur Tengah, Asia, danAmerika, sehingga Potter terdorong untuk menulis kembali bukunya Potter’s Encyclopaedia of Botanical Drug and Preparatians, yang sampai saat inipun masih diterbitkan.[2] Tahun 1864, National Association of Medical Herbalists didirikan dengan tujuan mengorganisir pelatihan para praktisi pengobatan secara tradisional, serta mempertahankan standar-standar praktek pengobatan.[2]
Indonesia
Di Indonesia, pemanfaatan tanaman sebagai obat-obatan juga telah berlangsung ribuan tahun yang lalu.[3] Pada pertengahan abad ke XVII seorangbotanikus bernama Jacobus Rontius (1592 – 1631)mengumumkan khasiat tumbuh-tumbuhan dalam bukunya De Indiae Untriusquere Naturali et Medica.[3]Meskipun hanya 60 jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan yang diteliti, tetapi buku ini merupakan dasar dari penelitian tumbuh-tumbuhan obat oleh N.A. van Rheede tot Draakestein (1637 – 1691) dalam bukunya Hortus Indicus Malabaricus.[3] Pada tahun 1888 didirikan Chemis Pharmacologisch Laboratorium sebagai bagian dari Kebun Raya Bogordengan tujuan menyelidiki bahan-bahan atau zat-zat yang terdapat dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan yang dapat digunakan untuk obat-obatan.[3] Selanjutnya penelitian dan publikasi mengenai khasiat tanaman obat-obatan semakin berkembang.[3]
Pemanfaatan Tanaman Obat (TOGA)Sunting
Pada bagian tanaman seperti yang tercantum di bawah ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat. Bagian tanaman terdiri dari bagian daun, kulit batang, buah, biji, bahkan pada bagian akarnya.[5]
Daun
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Daun dewa(Gynura Segetum)Mengobati muntah darah dan payudara bengkak2.SeledriMengobati tekanan darah tinggi3.BelimbingMengobati tekanan darah tinggi4.KelorMengobati panas dalam dan demam5.Daun bayam duriMengobati kurang darah6.KangkungMengobati insomnia7.Saga (Abrus precatorius)Mengobati batuk dan sariawan8.Pacar cina(Aglaiae ordorota Lour)Mengobati penyakitgonorrhoe (penyakit kelamin)9.Landep (Barleriae prionitis L.)Mengobati rematik10.Miana (Coleus atropurpureus Bentham)Mengobati wasir11.Pepaya (Carica papaya L.)Mengobati demam dandisentri12.Jintan(Trachyspermum roxburghianumsyn. Carum roxburghianum)Mengobati batuk, mules, dan sariawan13.Pegagan (Cantella asiatica Urban)Mengobati sariawan dan bersifat astringensia (mampu membasmi bakteri)14.Blustru (Luffa cylindrice Roem)Bersifat diuretik (peluruhair seni)15.Kemuning(Murrayae paniculata Jack)Mengobati penyakit gonorrhoe16.Murbei (Morus indica Rumph)Bersifat diuretik17.Kumis kucing(Orthosiphon stamineus Benth)Bersifat diuretik18.Sirih (Chavica betle L.)Mengobati batuk,antiseptika (membunuh mikroorganisme berbahaya), dan obat kumur19.Randu (Ceiba pentandra Gaerth)Sebagai obat mencret dan kumur20.Salam (Eugenia polyantha Wight)Bersifat astringensia21.Jambu biji(Psidium guajava L.)Mengobati mencret22.Sukun(Arthocarpus communis)Mengobati ginjal, jantung, liver, sakit gigi,pencernaan, menurunkan kolesterol, asam urat[rujukan?]
Batang
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Kayu manis(Cinnamomum burmanii)Mengobati penyakit batukdan sesak napas, nyerilambung, perut kembung,diare, rematik, dan menghangatkan lambung2.Dadap ayam(Erythrina varigata Linn.Var.orientalis)Mengobati asma3.Pulasari (Alyxia stellata Roem)Obat perut kembung4.Brotawali(Tonospora rumphii Boerl)Mengobati demam, sakit kuning, obat cacingan,kudis, dan diabetes5.Kemukus (Piper cubeba L.)Obat radang selaput lendir saluran kemih6.Jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia)Sebagai antiseptik, sehingga dapat dipakai sebagai obat kumur7.Delima (Punice granatum L.)Sebagai anti cacing pita(obat antelmentika)
Buah
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Jeruk nipis(Citrus aurantifolia)Mengobati penyakit demam,batuk kronis, kurang darah, menghentikan kebiasaanmerokok, menghilangkan bau badan, menyegarkan tubuh, dan memperlancar buang air kecil2.Cabai merah(Capsicum annuum L.)Obat gosok untuk penyakitrematik dan masuk angin3.Belimbingwuluh(Averrhoa bilimbi)Mengobati penyakit batuk, melegakan napas, dan mencairkan dahak4.Mengkudu(Morinda citrifolia)Mengobati penyakit radang usus, susah buang air kecil, batuk, amandel, difetri, lever,sariawan, tekanan darah tinggi, dan sembelit5.Kemukus(Piper cubeba L.)Obat radang selaput lendir saluran kemih6.Kapulaga(Elettaria cardamomum Maton) danketumbar(Coriandrum sativum L.)Obat antikembung
Biji
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Kecubung(Datura metel)Mengobati penyakit asma,bisul, dan anus turun2.Kapur barus(Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn.)Mengobati gangguanpencernaan3.Pinang (Areca catecha L.)Tepung biji pinang berkhasiat sebagai obat antelmentika, terutama terhadap cacing pita4.Kedawung(Parkia biglobosa Bentham)Sebagai bahan obat sakit perut, mulas, diare, dan bersifat astringensia5.Pala(Myristica)Mengatasi perut kembung, sebagai stimulansia setempat terhadap saluran pencernaan, bahan obat pembius, menyebabkan rasa kantuk, dan memperlambat pernapasan6.Jamblang(Eugenia cumini Merr)Sebagai bahan obat untuk menyembuhkan penyakit kencing manis (diabetes)
Akar
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Pepaya (Carica papaya L.)Obat cacing2.Aren (Arenga pinnata Merril)Obat diuretik3.Pule pandak(Rauwolfia serpentina Benth)Obat antihipertensi dan gangguan neuropsikhiatrik, seperti tekanan darah tinggi
Umbi atau rimpang
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Bangle(Zingiber purpureum Roxb.)Mengobati sakit kepala, susah buang air besar, nyeri pada perut,sakit kuning, perut kembung, dan melangsingkan tubuh2.Jahe(Zingiber officinale Rosc.)Menghangatkan badan, mengobati sakit pinggang, asma, muntah, dan nyeri otot3.Kencur(Kaempferia galanga L.)Mengobati sakit kepala, obat batuk, melancarkan keringat, dan mengeluarkan dahak4.Kunyit(Curcuma domestica Val.)Mengobati diare, masuk angin,hepatitis, dan kejang-kejang5.Lempuyang(Zingiber zerumbet)Obat pelangsing, penambah nafsu makan, disentri, dan diare6.Lengkuas(Languas galanga L.Stunzt)Mengobati panu, serta bersifat antifungi dan anti bakteri7.Temu giring(Curcuma heynaena Val.)Obat anti cacing, sakit perut, dan melangsingkan tubuh8.Temulawak(Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)Mengatasi sembelit, memperbanyak ASI, dan memperkuat sekresi empedu, asam urat, kolesterol, kadar gula darah, maag, mencret9.Temu hitam(Curcuma aeroginosa Roxb.)obat anti cacing, mencegah kelesuan, dan memperlancar peredaran darah10.Alang-alang(Imperata cylindrica Beav.)Obat untuk memperlancar air seni (diuretikGambar Berbagai Jenis Tanaman Obat TradisionalDaun sirih Kayu manis Buah mengkudu Biji pinang Akar pohon aren Temulawak Daun pepaya Pohon delima
Faktor peningkatan penggunaan tanaman obatSunting
Kecenderungan meningkatnya penggunaan obat tradisional didasari oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu:[6]Pada umumnya, harga obat–obatan buatan pabrikyang sangat mahal, sehingga masyarakat mencari alternatif pengobatan yang lebih murah.Efek samping yang ditimbulkan oleh obat tradisional sangat kecil dibandingkan dengan obat buatan pabrik.[6]Kandungan unsur kimia yang terkandung di dalam obat tradisional sebenarnya menjadi dasar pengobatan kedokteran modern. Artinya, pembuatan obat–obatan pabrik menggunakan rumus kimia yang telah disentetis dari kandungan bahan alami ramuantradisional.
Perawatan tanaman obatSunting
Tanaman yang dipelihara di pekarangan rumah tidak memerlukan perawatan khusus, baik sebagai bumbu dapur atau bahan obat.[7] Perlakuan khusus dalambudi daya tanaman obat dilakukan dalam skala usaha, dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh kualitas dan kuantitas hasil yang optimum.[7] Kegiatan pemupukan dan pengandalian hama penyakit tanaman perlu dilakukan.[7] Kegiatan ini sangat erat hubungannya dengan penggunaan bahan kimiawi yang terkandung dalam pupuk atau pestisida.[7]Pemakaian bahan kimiawi dapat mencemari lingkungan, baik tanah maupun air, dan yang paling berbahaya residu yang dihasilkan akan terakumulasi dalam produk tanaman yang dihasilkan.[7] Untuk itu, perlu diperkenalkan sistem budi daya yang tidak tergantung pada bahan-bahan kimia.[7] Sistem ini dikenal dengan istilah pertanian organik.[7] Dalam budi daya tanaman obat dapat dimanfaatkan pupuk organik untuk menambah unsur hara mineral yang dibutuhkan tanaman.[7] Pupuk organik yang digunakan di antaranya adalah pupuk kandang,bokhasi, kompos, humus, sampah dapur, danserasah daun.[7] Selain itu, sebagai bahan pengendalihama penyakit tanaman, dapat dimanfaatkan pestisida alami yang terdapat di sekitar rumah, seperti tanaman babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides),sirsak, lantana, dan daun tembakau.[7]
SejarahSunting
Tanaman obat dari Cina.
Mesir kuno
Pada zaman Mesir kuno (Tahun 2500 Sebelum Masehi), para budak diberi ransum bawang untuk membantu menghilangkan banyak penyakit demam dan infeksi yang umum terjadi pada masa itu.[2] Sejak itulah catatan pertama tentang penulisan tanaman obat dan berbagai khasiatnya telah dikumpulkan oleh orang-orang mesir kuno.[2] Sejumlah besar resep penggunaan produk tanaman untuk pengobatan berbagai penyakit, gejala-gejala penyakit dan diagnosanya tercantum dalam (Papyrus Ehers).[3]Pada saat itu, para pendeta Mesir kuno telah melakukan dan mempraktekkan pengobatanherbal.[2]
Yunani kuno
Bangsa Yunani kuno juga banyak menyimpan catatan mengenai penggunaan tanaman obat yaituHyppocrates (Tahun 466 Sebelum Masehi),Theophrastus (Tahun 372 Sebelum Masehi) danPedanios Dioscorides (Tahun 100 Sebelum Masehi)membuat himpunan keterangan terinci mengenai ribuan tanaman obat dalam De Materia Medica.[3]Orang-orang Yunani kuno juga telah melakukan pengobatan herbal.[2] Mereka menemukan berbagai tanaman obat baru, seperti rosemary dan lavenderpada saat mengadakan perjalanan ke berbagai daratan lain.[2]
Cina
Tanaman obat di Cina berlangsung sekitar 3.000 tahun yang lalu, ketika muncul penyembuhan kerapuhan tulang oleh dukun Wu.[4] Pada waktu itu, penyakit ini diyakini disebabkan oleh kekuatan jahat, sehingga menurut dukun Wu diperlukan obat dari tanaman untuk mengusir kekuatan jahat itu.[4]Bahkan, bahan penyembuhan tertua dalam sejarah telah ditemukan di China, di mana makam seorang bangsawan Han ditemukan untuk menyimpan data medis yang ditulis pada gulungan sutra.[4] Gulungan sutra berisi daftar 247 tumbuh-tumbuhan dan bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam menyembuhkan penyakit.[4]
Inggris
Di Inggris, penggunaan tanaman obat dikembangkan bersamaan dengan didirikannya biara-biara di seluruh negeri.[2] Setiap biara memiliki tamanan obat masing-masing yang digunakan untuk merawat parapendeta maupun para penduduk setempat.[2] Pada beberapa daerah, khususnya Wales dan Skotlandia, orang-orang Druid dan para penyembuh Celtikmenggunakan obat-obatan dalam perayaan agamadan ritual mereka.[2] Pengetahuan tanaman obat semakin berkembang dengan terciptanya mesin cetak pada abad ke 15, sehingga penulisan mengenaiTanaman-Tanaman Obat dapat dilakukan.[2]Sekitar tahun 1630, John Parkinson dari Londonmenulis mengenai tanaman obat dari berbagai tanaman.[2] Nicholas Culpepper ( 1616-1654 )dengan karyanya yang paling terkenal yaitu The Complete Herbal and English Physician, Enlarged, diterbitkan pada tahun 1649.[2] Pada tahun 1812,Henry Potter telah memulai bisnisnya menyediakan berbagai tanaman obat dan berdagang lintah.[2] Sejak saat itu banyak sekali pengetahuan tradisional dan cerita rakyat tentang tanaman obat dapat ditemukan mulai dari Inggris, Eropa, Timur Tengah, Asia, danAmerika, sehingga Potter terdorong untuk menulis kembali bukunya Potter’s Encyclopaedia of Botanical Drug and Preparatians, yang sampai saat inipun masih diterbitkan.[2] Tahun 1864, National Association of Medical Herbalists didirikan dengan tujuan mengorganisir pelatihan para praktisi pengobatan secara tradisional, serta mempertahankan standar-standar praktek pengobatan.[2]
Indonesia
Di Indonesia, pemanfaatan tanaman sebagai obat-obatan juga telah berlangsung ribuan tahun yang lalu.[3] Pada pertengahan abad ke XVII seorangbotanikus bernama Jacobus Rontius (1592 – 1631)mengumumkan khasiat tumbuh-tumbuhan dalam bukunya De Indiae Untriusquere Naturali et Medica.[3]Meskipun hanya 60 jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan yang diteliti, tetapi buku ini merupakan dasar dari penelitian tumbuh-tumbuhan obat oleh N.A. van Rheede tot Draakestein (1637 – 1691) dalam bukunya Hortus Indicus Malabaricus.[3] Pada tahun 1888 didirikan Chemis Pharmacologisch Laboratorium sebagai bagian dari Kebun Raya Bogordengan tujuan menyelidiki bahan-bahan atau zat-zat yang terdapat dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan yang dapat digunakan untuk obat-obatan.[3] Selanjutnya penelitian dan publikasi mengenai khasiat tanaman obat-obatan semakin berkembang.[3]
Pemanfaatan Tanaman Obat (TOGA)Sunting
Pada bagian tanaman seperti yang tercantum di bawah ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat. Bagian tanaman terdiri dari bagian daun, kulit batang, buah, biji, bahkan pada bagian akarnya.[5]
Daun
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Daun dewa(Gynura Segetum)Mengobati muntah darah dan payudara bengkak2.SeledriMengobati tekanan darah tinggi3.BelimbingMengobati tekanan darah tinggi4.KelorMengobati panas dalam dan demam5.Daun bayam duriMengobati kurang darah6.KangkungMengobati insomnia7.Saga (Abrus precatorius)Mengobati batuk dan sariawan8.Pacar cina(Aglaiae ordorota Lour)Mengobati penyakitgonorrhoe (penyakit kelamin)9.Landep (Barleriae prionitis L.)Mengobati rematik10.Miana (Coleus atropurpureus Bentham)Mengobati wasir11.Pepaya (Carica papaya L.)Mengobati demam dandisentri12.Jintan(Trachyspermum roxburghianumsyn. Carum roxburghianum)Mengobati batuk, mules, dan sariawan13.Pegagan (Cantella asiatica Urban)Mengobati sariawan dan bersifat astringensia (mampu membasmi bakteri)14.Blustru (Luffa cylindrice Roem)Bersifat diuretik (peluruhair seni)15.Kemuning(Murrayae paniculata Jack)Mengobati penyakit gonorrhoe16.Murbei (Morus indica Rumph)Bersifat diuretik17.Kumis kucing(Orthosiphon stamineus Benth)Bersifat diuretik18.Sirih (Chavica betle L.)Mengobati batuk,antiseptika (membunuh mikroorganisme berbahaya), dan obat kumur19.Randu (Ceiba pentandra Gaerth)Sebagai obat mencret dan kumur20.Salam (Eugenia polyantha Wight)Bersifat astringensia21.Jambu biji(Psidium guajava L.)Mengobati mencret22.Sukun(Arthocarpus communis)Mengobati ginjal, jantung, liver, sakit gigi,pencernaan, menurunkan kolesterol, asam urat[rujukan?]
Batang
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Kayu manis(Cinnamomum burmanii)Mengobati penyakit batukdan sesak napas, nyerilambung, perut kembung,diare, rematik, dan menghangatkan lambung2.Dadap ayam(Erythrina varigata Linn.Var.orientalis)Mengobati asma3.Pulasari (Alyxia stellata Roem)Obat perut kembung4.Brotawali(Tonospora rumphii Boerl)Mengobati demam, sakit kuning, obat cacingan,kudis, dan diabetes5.Kemukus (Piper cubeba L.)Obat radang selaput lendir saluran kemih6.Jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia)Sebagai antiseptik, sehingga dapat dipakai sebagai obat kumur7.Delima (Punice granatum L.)Sebagai anti cacing pita(obat antelmentika)
Buah
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Jeruk nipis(Citrus aurantifolia)Mengobati penyakit demam,batuk kronis, kurang darah, menghentikan kebiasaanmerokok, menghilangkan bau badan, menyegarkan tubuh, dan memperlancar buang air kecil2.Cabai merah(Capsicum annuum L.)Obat gosok untuk penyakitrematik dan masuk angin3.Belimbingwuluh(Averrhoa bilimbi)Mengobati penyakit batuk, melegakan napas, dan mencairkan dahak4.Mengkudu(Morinda citrifolia)Mengobati penyakit radang usus, susah buang air kecil, batuk, amandel, difetri, lever,sariawan, tekanan darah tinggi, dan sembelit5.Kemukus(Piper cubeba L.)Obat radang selaput lendir saluran kemih6.Kapulaga(Elettaria cardamomum Maton) danketumbar(Coriandrum sativum L.)Obat antikembung
Biji
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Kecubung(Datura metel)Mengobati penyakit asma,bisul, dan anus turun2.Kapur barus(Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn.)Mengobati gangguanpencernaan3.Pinang (Areca catecha L.)Tepung biji pinang berkhasiat sebagai obat antelmentika, terutama terhadap cacing pita4.Kedawung(Parkia biglobosa Bentham)Sebagai bahan obat sakit perut, mulas, diare, dan bersifat astringensia5.Pala(Myristica)Mengatasi perut kembung, sebagai stimulansia setempat terhadap saluran pencernaan, bahan obat pembius, menyebabkan rasa kantuk, dan memperlambat pernapasan6.Jamblang(Eugenia cumini Merr)Sebagai bahan obat untuk menyembuhkan penyakit kencing manis (diabetes)
Akar
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Pepaya (Carica papaya L.)Obat cacing2.Aren (Arenga pinnata Merril)Obat diuretik3.Pule pandak(Rauwolfia serpentina Benth)Obat antihipertensi dan gangguan neuropsikhiatrik, seperti tekanan darah tinggi
Umbi atau rimpang
No.Nama TanamanKhasiat dan Manfaat1.Bangle(Zingiber purpureum Roxb.)Mengobati sakit kepala, susah buang air besar, nyeri pada perut,sakit kuning, perut kembung, dan melangsingkan tubuh2.Jahe(Zingiber officinale Rosc.)Menghangatkan badan, mengobati sakit pinggang, asma, muntah, dan nyeri otot3.Kencur(Kaempferia galanga L.)Mengobati sakit kepala, obat batuk, melancarkan keringat, dan mengeluarkan dahak4.Kunyit(Curcuma domestica Val.)Mengobati diare, masuk angin,hepatitis, dan kejang-kejang5.Lempuyang(Zingiber zerumbet)Obat pelangsing, penambah nafsu makan, disentri, dan diare6.Lengkuas(Languas galanga L.Stunzt)Mengobati panu, serta bersifat antifungi dan anti bakteri7.Temu giring(Curcuma heynaena Val.)Obat anti cacing, sakit perut, dan melangsingkan tubuh8.Temulawak(Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)Mengatasi sembelit, memperbanyak ASI, dan memperkuat sekresi empedu, asam urat, kolesterol, kadar gula darah, maag, mencret9.Temu hitam(Curcuma aeroginosa Roxb.)obat anti cacing, mencegah kelesuan, dan memperlancar peredaran darah10.Alang-alang(Imperata cylindrica Beav.)Obat untuk memperlancar air seni (diuretikGambar Berbagai Jenis Tanaman Obat TradisionalDaun sirih Kayu manis Buah mengkudu Biji pinang Akar pohon aren Temulawak Daun pepaya Pohon delima
Faktor peningkatan penggunaan tanaman obatSunting
Kecenderungan meningkatnya penggunaan obat tradisional didasari oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu:[6]Pada umumnya, harga obat–obatan buatan pabrikyang sangat mahal, sehingga masyarakat mencari alternatif pengobatan yang lebih murah.Efek samping yang ditimbulkan oleh obat tradisional sangat kecil dibandingkan dengan obat buatan pabrik.[6]Kandungan unsur kimia yang terkandung di dalam obat tradisional sebenarnya menjadi dasar pengobatan kedokteran modern. Artinya, pembuatan obat–obatan pabrik menggunakan rumus kimia yang telah disentetis dari kandungan bahan alami ramuantradisional.
Perawatan tanaman obatSunting
Tanaman yang dipelihara di pekarangan rumah tidak memerlukan perawatan khusus, baik sebagai bumbu dapur atau bahan obat.[7] Perlakuan khusus dalambudi daya tanaman obat dilakukan dalam skala usaha, dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh kualitas dan kuantitas hasil yang optimum.[7] Kegiatan pemupukan dan pengandalian hama penyakit tanaman perlu dilakukan.[7] Kegiatan ini sangat erat hubungannya dengan penggunaan bahan kimiawi yang terkandung dalam pupuk atau pestisida.[7]Pemakaian bahan kimiawi dapat mencemari lingkungan, baik tanah maupun air, dan yang paling berbahaya residu yang dihasilkan akan terakumulasi dalam produk tanaman yang dihasilkan.[7] Untuk itu, perlu diperkenalkan sistem budi daya yang tidak tergantung pada bahan-bahan kimia.[7] Sistem ini dikenal dengan istilah pertanian organik.[7] Dalam budi daya tanaman obat dapat dimanfaatkan pupuk organik untuk menambah unsur hara mineral yang dibutuhkan tanaman.[7] Pupuk organik yang digunakan di antaranya adalah pupuk kandang,bokhasi, kompos, humus, sampah dapur, danserasah daun.[7] Selain itu, sebagai bahan pengendalihama penyakit tanaman, dapat dimanfaatkan pestisida alami yang terdapat di sekitar rumah, seperti tanaman babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides),sirsak, lantana, dan daun tembakau.[7]
peraih balon d'Or
Daftar Peraih Ballon d'Or, Pemain Terbaik Dunia FIFA
Daftar Pemenang atau Peraih Ballon d'Or, Pemain Terbaik Dunia. Beberapa waktu lalu, pemain sepak bola dari klub Barcelona asal Argentina, Lionel Messi berhasil meraih penghargaan sebagai pemain sepak bola terbaik dunia 2012 mengalahkan Cristiano Ronaldo dan rekan setimnya Andres Iniesta. Gelar ini merupakan gelar ke-4 yang diraih oleh Messi secara beruntun. Dan hanya Messi yang mampu menyabet gelar Ballon d'Or empat kali berturut-turut.Ballon d'Or berasal dari Bahasa Perancis yang berarti Bola Emas. Ballon d'Or merupakan suatu penghargaan tertinggi yang diberikan oleh FIFA kepada pemain sepak bola dengan penampilan terbaik sepanjang tahun.Penghargaan ini pertama kali digelar pada tahun 1956 dan peraih gelar Ballon d'Or pertama kalitersebut adalah Stanley Matthews dari klubBlackpool FC, Inggris. Dahulu, para peraih penghargaan ini harus warga negara Eropa, namun sejak tahun 1995 peraturan tersebut berubah dan hanya mengharuskan sang pemain bermain dan sedang memperkuat sebuah klub anggota UEFA. Ballon d'OrBerikut ini daftar peraih Ballon d'Or sepanjang masa :1956 : Stanley Matthews / Blackpool 1957 : Alfredo Di Stéfano / Real Madrid1958 : Raymond Kopa / Real Madrid1959 : Alfredo Di Stéfano / Real Madrid1960 : Luis Suárez / Barcelona1961 : Omar Sívori / Juventus1962 : Josef Masopust / Dukla Prague1963 : Lev Yashin / Dynamo Moscow1964 : Denis Law / Manchester United1965 : Eusébio / Benfica1966 : Bobby Charlton / Manchester United1967 : Flórián Albert / Ferencváros1968 : George Best / Manchester United1969 : Gianni Rivera / Milan1970 : Gerd Müller / Bayern Munich1971 : Johan Cruyff / Ajax1972 : Franz Beckenbauer / Bayern Munich1973 : Johan Cruyff / Barcelona1974 : Johan Cruyff / Barcelona1975 : Oleg Blokhin / Union Dynamo Kyiv1976 : Franz Beckenbauer / Bayern Munich1977 : Allan Simonsen / Borussia Mönchengladbach1978 : Kevin Keegan / Hamburg1979 : Kevin Keegan / Hamburg1980 : Karl-Heinz Rummenigge / Bayern Munich1981 : Karl-Heinz Rummenigge / Bayern Munich1982 : Paolo Rossi / Juventus1983 : Michel Platini / Juventus1984 : Michel Platini / Juventus1985 : Michel Platini / Juventus1986 : Igor Belanov / Dynamo Kyiv1987 : Ruud Gullit / Milan1988 : Marco van Basten / Milan1989 : Marco van Basten / Milan1990 : Lothar Matthäus / Internazionale Milan1991 : Lothar Matthaus / Internazionale Milan1992 : Marco van Basten / Milan1993 : Roberto Baggio / Juventus1994 : Romario / Barcelona1995 : George Weah / Milan1996 : Ronaldo / Barcelona / PSV1997 : Ronaldo / Internazionale Milan1998 : Zinedine Zidane / Juventus1999 : Rivaldo / Barcelona2000 : Zinedine Zidane / Juventus2001 : Luis Figo / Real Madrid2002 : Ronaldo / Real Madrid2003 : Zinedine Zidane / Real Madrid2004 : Ronaldinho / Barcelona2005 : Ronaldinho / Barcelona2006 : Fabio Cannavaro / Real Madrid2007 : Kaká / Milan2008 : Cristiano Ronaldo / Manchester United2009 : Lionel Messi / Barcelona2010 : Lionel Messi /Barcelona2011 : Lionel Messi / Barcelona2012 : Lionel Messi / BarcelonaBerikut daftar pemain sepak bola peraih Ballon d'Or terbanyak :Lionel Messi (4 Kali) 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Johan Cruyff (3 Kali) 1971, 1973, 1974. Michel Platini (3 Kali) 1983, 1984, 1985. Marco van Basten (3 Kali) 1988, 1989, 1992. Alfredo Di Stéfano (2 Kali) 1957, 1959.
Daftar Pemenang atau Peraih Ballon d'Or, Pemain Terbaik Dunia. Beberapa waktu lalu, pemain sepak bola dari klub Barcelona asal Argentina, Lionel Messi berhasil meraih penghargaan sebagai pemain sepak bola terbaik dunia 2012 mengalahkan Cristiano Ronaldo dan rekan setimnya Andres Iniesta. Gelar ini merupakan gelar ke-4 yang diraih oleh Messi secara beruntun. Dan hanya Messi yang mampu menyabet gelar Ballon d'Or empat kali berturut-turut.Ballon d'Or berasal dari Bahasa Perancis yang berarti Bola Emas. Ballon d'Or merupakan suatu penghargaan tertinggi yang diberikan oleh FIFA kepada pemain sepak bola dengan penampilan terbaik sepanjang tahun.Penghargaan ini pertama kali digelar pada tahun 1956 dan peraih gelar Ballon d'Or pertama kalitersebut adalah Stanley Matthews dari klubBlackpool FC, Inggris. Dahulu, para peraih penghargaan ini harus warga negara Eropa, namun sejak tahun 1995 peraturan tersebut berubah dan hanya mengharuskan sang pemain bermain dan sedang memperkuat sebuah klub anggota UEFA. Ballon d'OrBerikut ini daftar peraih Ballon d'Or sepanjang masa :1956 : Stanley Matthews / Blackpool 1957 : Alfredo Di Stéfano / Real Madrid1958 : Raymond Kopa / Real Madrid1959 : Alfredo Di Stéfano / Real Madrid1960 : Luis Suárez / Barcelona1961 : Omar Sívori / Juventus1962 : Josef Masopust / Dukla Prague1963 : Lev Yashin / Dynamo Moscow1964 : Denis Law / Manchester United1965 : Eusébio / Benfica1966 : Bobby Charlton / Manchester United1967 : Flórián Albert / Ferencváros1968 : George Best / Manchester United1969 : Gianni Rivera / Milan1970 : Gerd Müller / Bayern Munich1971 : Johan Cruyff / Ajax1972 : Franz Beckenbauer / Bayern Munich1973 : Johan Cruyff / Barcelona1974 : Johan Cruyff / Barcelona1975 : Oleg Blokhin / Union Dynamo Kyiv1976 : Franz Beckenbauer / Bayern Munich1977 : Allan Simonsen / Borussia Mönchengladbach1978 : Kevin Keegan / Hamburg1979 : Kevin Keegan / Hamburg1980 : Karl-Heinz Rummenigge / Bayern Munich1981 : Karl-Heinz Rummenigge / Bayern Munich1982 : Paolo Rossi / Juventus1983 : Michel Platini / Juventus1984 : Michel Platini / Juventus1985 : Michel Platini / Juventus1986 : Igor Belanov / Dynamo Kyiv1987 : Ruud Gullit / Milan1988 : Marco van Basten / Milan1989 : Marco van Basten / Milan1990 : Lothar Matthäus / Internazionale Milan1991 : Lothar Matthaus / Internazionale Milan1992 : Marco van Basten / Milan1993 : Roberto Baggio / Juventus1994 : Romario / Barcelona1995 : George Weah / Milan1996 : Ronaldo / Barcelona / PSV1997 : Ronaldo / Internazionale Milan1998 : Zinedine Zidane / Juventus1999 : Rivaldo / Barcelona2000 : Zinedine Zidane / Juventus2001 : Luis Figo / Real Madrid2002 : Ronaldo / Real Madrid2003 : Zinedine Zidane / Real Madrid2004 : Ronaldinho / Barcelona2005 : Ronaldinho / Barcelona2006 : Fabio Cannavaro / Real Madrid2007 : Kaká / Milan2008 : Cristiano Ronaldo / Manchester United2009 : Lionel Messi / Barcelona2010 : Lionel Messi /Barcelona2011 : Lionel Messi / Barcelona2012 : Lionel Messi / BarcelonaBerikut daftar pemain sepak bola peraih Ballon d'Or terbanyak :Lionel Messi (4 Kali) 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Johan Cruyff (3 Kali) 1971, 1973, 1974. Michel Platini (3 Kali) 1983, 1984, 1985. Marco van Basten (3 Kali) 1988, 1989, 1992. Alfredo Di Stéfano (2 Kali) 1957, 1959.
Minggu, 15 Desember 2013
World Cup Stadium Accident
Construction Worker Loses His Life in Accident at the Manaus World Cup Stadium
A construction worker has died following an accident at Arena Amazonia in Manaus, one of the stadiums set to be used for the 2014 World Cup.
Arena AmazoniaPhoto by AFP/Getty ImagesGOALA construction worker has died following an accident at one of the stadiums set to be used for the 2014 World Cup. The man was killed while working on the construction of the Arena Amazonia in Manaus after falling from a height of around 35 metres.He was taken to hospital but subsequently died of his injuries on Saturday morning. The stadium is due to host four group-stage matches at the World Cup, including the high-profile Group D clash between England and Italy on June 14.The accident comes less than three weeks after two workers were killed at another World Cup venue, the Arena de Sao Paulo, when a crane struck the roof of the stadium causing a partial collapse.A statement from construction company Andrade Gutierrez read: "Andrade Gutierrez reports with regret that at around 4am today, 14/12/2013, the worker Marcleudo de Melo Ferreira, 22, a native of Limoeiro do Norte - CE, an employee of the subcontractor providing services in assembling the cover of Arena Amazon, suffered a fall from a height of about 35 metres, being rescued and taken to the emergency room still showing vital signs, where he succumbed to his injuries and passed away this morning."We reiterate commitment to the safety of all employees and that an internal investigation is being done into the causes of the accident. Legal measures are being taken in conjunction with the relevant authorities. We deeply regret the accident occurred and we are providing full assistance to the worker's family. In respect of this casualty, the works were interrupted this Saturday."A statement from Fifa added: "Fifa and the Local Organising Committee (LOC) learned of the death of the worker on Saturday at the Arena Amazonia site with great sadness."We would like to send our most sincere condolences to his family, relatives, colleagues and friends."
A construction worker has died following an accident at Arena Amazonia in Manaus, one of the stadiums set to be used for the 2014 World Cup.
Arena AmazoniaPhoto by AFP/Getty ImagesGOALA construction worker has died following an accident at one of the stadiums set to be used for the 2014 World Cup. The man was killed while working on the construction of the Arena Amazonia in Manaus after falling from a height of around 35 metres.He was taken to hospital but subsequently died of his injuries on Saturday morning. The stadium is due to host four group-stage matches at the World Cup, including the high-profile Group D clash between England and Italy on June 14.The accident comes less than three weeks after two workers were killed at another World Cup venue, the Arena de Sao Paulo, when a crane struck the roof of the stadium causing a partial collapse.A statement from construction company Andrade Gutierrez read: "Andrade Gutierrez reports with regret that at around 4am today, 14/12/2013, the worker Marcleudo de Melo Ferreira, 22, a native of Limoeiro do Norte - CE, an employee of the subcontractor providing services in assembling the cover of Arena Amazon, suffered a fall from a height of about 35 metres, being rescued and taken to the emergency room still showing vital signs, where he succumbed to his injuries and passed away this morning."We reiterate commitment to the safety of all employees and that an internal investigation is being done into the causes of the accident. Legal measures are being taken in conjunction with the relevant authorities. We deeply regret the accident occurred and we are providing full assistance to the worker's family. In respect of this casualty, the works were interrupted this Saturday."A statement from Fifa added: "Fifa and the Local Organising Committee (LOC) learned of the death of the worker on Saturday at the Arena Amazonia site with great sadness."We would like to send our most sincere condolences to his family, relatives, colleagues and friends."
Jadwal Indonesia Super League
ISL atau lebih dikenal dengan Indonesian Super League adalah sebuah kompetisi kelas lokal dengan grade tertinggi di Indonesia. Jadwal ISL 2013
juga sudah memasuki leg kedua yang sudah semakin seru saja setiap
pertandingannya. Nah, penggemar sepakbola lokal juga tidak boleh
melewatkan jadwal liga inggris, jadwal liga spanyol dan jadwal liga italia dong.
Sementara pada kompetisi 2013 ajang ini sudah tidak terlalu banyak permasalahan seperti tahun tahun sebelumnya. Tentu saja hal ini membuat para penggemar klub masing-masing daerahnya semakin menantikan Jadwal ISL 2013 yang saat ini sudah memasuki leg kedua.
Jadwal ISL Persib Bandung, Jadwal ISL Persija Jakarta, Jadwal ISL Arema dan Jadwal ISL Persipura yang selalu menjadi pencari paling tinggi saya akan sajikan dibawah ini (silahkan lihat tabel). Nah ga usah basa basi lagi deh, langsung aja disimak jadwal isl selama bulan puasa atau jadwal isl bulan Agustus 2013.
Oke semoga postingan kali ini mengenai Jadwal ISL Terbaru 2013 bermanfaat bagi anda.
Sementara pada kompetisi 2013 ajang ini sudah tidak terlalu banyak permasalahan seperti tahun tahun sebelumnya. Tentu saja hal ini membuat para penggemar klub masing-masing daerahnya semakin menantikan Jadwal ISL 2013 yang saat ini sudah memasuki leg kedua.
Jadwal ISL Persib Bandung, Jadwal ISL Persija Jakarta, Jadwal ISL Arema dan Jadwal ISL Persipura yang selalu menjadi pencari paling tinggi saya akan sajikan dibawah ini (silahkan lihat tabel). Nah ga usah basa basi lagi deh, langsung aja disimak jadwal isl selama bulan puasa atau jadwal isl bulan Agustus 2013.
Jadwal ISL 2013
| Tanggal | Pertandingan | Jam |
|---|---|---|
| 01 Agustus 2013 | PERSISAM vs AREMA INDONESIA | 21:00 |
| 02 Agustus 2013 | MITRA KUKAR vs GRESIK UNITED | 21:00 |
| LIBUR LEBARAN | LIBUR LEBARAN | LIBUR LEBARAN |
| 20 Agustus 2013 | PSPS vs PELITA BANDUNG RAYA | TV ONE 21:00 |
| 20 Agustus 2013 | PERSITA vs PERSIRAM | Tidak Live |
| 20 Agustus 2013 | PERSIB vs PERSIDAFON | Tidak Live |
| 21 Agustus 2013 | GRESIK UNITED vs PERSIBA BALIKPAPAN | Tidak Live |
| 21 Agustus 2013 | AREMA INDONESIA vs BARITO PUTERA | Tidak Live |
| 22 Agustus 2013 | PERSELA vs PERSIPURA | Tidak Live |
| 23 Agustus 2013 | PERSEPAM MU vs PERSIWA | Tidak Live |
| 24 Agustus 2013 | GRESIK UNITED vs BARITO PUTERA | Tidak Live |
| 24 Agustus 2013 | SRIWIJAYA FC vs MITRA KUKAR | Tidak Live |
| 24 Agustus 2013 | PERSIB vs PERSIRAM | Tidak Live |
| 24 Agustus 2013 | PSPS vs PERSIJA | Tidak Live |
| 25 Agustus 2013 | AREMA INDONESIA vs PERSIBA BALIKPAPAN | Tidak Live |
| 25 Agustus 2013 | PELITA BANDUNG RAYA vs PERSISAM | Tidak Live |
| 25 Agustus 2013 | PERSITA vs PERSIDAFON | Tidak Live |
| 27 Agustus 2013 | PERSELA vs PERSIWA | Tidak Live |
| 27 Agustus 2013 | PERSEPAM MU vs PERSIPURA | Tidak Live |
| 28 Agustus 2013 | PELITA BANDUNG RAYA vs MITRA KUKAR | Tidak Live |
| 28 Agustus 2013 | PERSIJA vs PERSIB Live | ANTV 15:30 |
| 29 Agustus 2013 | SRIWIJAYA FC vs PERSISAM | Tidak Live |
| 31 Agustus 2013 | PERSIJA vs PELITA BANDUNG RAYA | ANTV 21:00 |
Oke semoga postingan kali ini mengenai Jadwal ISL Terbaru 2013 bermanfaat bagi anda.
Surat Lamaran
yang bagaimana sebenarnya yang anda butuhkan untuk melamar sebuah
pekerjaan. Tentu saja ini harus anda jadikan point penting pada saat
anda berniat untuk apply suatu pekerjaan. Dengan memperhatikan surat
lamaran yang anda berikan nantinya kepada perusahaan yang anda tuju,
anda bisa saja mendapatkan pekerjaan tersebut.
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh surat lamaran kerja yang kami rangkum menjadi satu agar anda lebih mudah mendapatkan contoh yang berkualitas. Tentunya dengan memperhatikan beberapa aspek sebelum anda menentukan contoh surat dibawah ini. Salah satunya adalah jenis perusahaan yang akan dilamar, posisi yang anda tuju dan lainnya.
Bagi yang ingin mencari format yang baik untuk contoh surat lamaran kerja kepada perusahaan terbaru, anda bisa mencarinya di situs-situs lowongan kerja online. Biasanya di situs-situs tersebut banyak sekali contoh maupun format yang baik karena situs-situs ini biasanya sudah berpengalaman terkait lowongan pekerajaan dan semua hal terkait pekerjaan. Semoga bermanfaat.
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh surat lamaran kerja yang kami rangkum menjadi satu agar anda lebih mudah mendapatkan contoh yang berkualitas. Tentunya dengan memperhatikan beberapa aspek sebelum anda menentukan contoh surat dibawah ini. Salah satunya adalah jenis perusahaan yang akan dilamar, posisi yang anda tuju dan lainnya.
Contoh Surat Lamaran Kerja
Medan, 23 September 2014
Kepada Yth :
Bapak / Ibu Pimpinan
Toko Elektronik Deluxior
Dengan hormat,
Berdasarkan informasi yang saya peroleh bahwa perusahaan yang Bapak/Ibu pimpin saat ini memerlukan pegawai sebagai Karyawan. Oleh karena itu saya mengajukan permohonan untuk mengisi posisi tersebut.
Saya tamatan SMK, belum menikah, jujur, disiplin, berpenampilan menarik, bertanggung jawab, serta dapat bekerja sama dalam tim maupun individual.
Sebagai bahan pertimbangan bagi Bapak/ Ibu bersama ini turut saya lampirkan :
Foto Copy Ijazah Terakhir 1 Lembar
Pas Photo 4 x 6 1 Lembar
Foto Copy KTP 1 Lembar
Daftar Riwayat Hidup 1 Lembar
Demikianlah surat permohonan kerja ini saya buat dengan sebenar-benarnya, besar harapan saya sudilah kiranya Bapak/Ibu dapat menerima saya bekerja di perusahaan yang Bapak/Ibu pimpin. Atas perhatian Bapak/Ibu sebelum dan sesudahnya saya ucapkan terima kasih.
Hormat Saya,
Tom Siahaan
Contoh Surat Lamaran Kerja CPNS
Jakarta, 4 Maret 2012
Kepada yth :
Bapak/Ibu Menteri Keuangan
………………
di -
Jakarta
Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini,
Nama : ………………
Tempat,tgl lahir : ………………
Usia pada tanggal 01/01/2012: … Tahun, … bulan
Jenis kelamin : ………………
Agama : ………………
Pendidikan/Jurusan : S-1 ………………
Alamat : ………………
Nomor telepon/HP : ………………
Dengan ini menyampaikan permohonan kepada Bapak/Ibu, agar kiranya dapat diangkat menjadi Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil di lingkungan Departemen Keuangan, dengan jabatan ……………………(kode jabatan : ……….).
Sebagai bahan pertimbangan Bapak/Ibu, bersama ini Saya lampirkan :
1. Foto copy Ijazah terakhir beserta transkripnya yang telah dilegalisir masing-masing 1 (satu) lembar,
2. Pas photo ukuran 3×4 cm sebanyak 4 (empat) lembar,
3. Foto copy Kartu Pencari Kerja (AK. I) yang telah dilegalisir sebanyak 1 (satu) lembar.
Demikian permohonan ini disampaikan, besar harapan Saya kiranya Bapak/Ibu dapat mempertimbangkannya, sebelum dan sesudahnya diucapkan terima kasih.
Hormat Saya,
Budiarso
Kepada Yth:Nah dari informasi yang kami sampaikan diatas, anda bisa memilih mana yang paling baik menurut anda. Jika masih ada kekurangan kami mohon maaf karena kami hanya mengambil sumber ini dari beberapa blog yang menyediakan surat lamaran kerja.
Bapak Kepala Sekolah Islam Dwi Matra
Di-
Tempat
Dengan Hormat
Saya tertarik dengan info lowongan yang ada, oleh karena itu saya berminat untuk bekerja dan bergabung di perusahaan yang bapak/ibu pimpin. berikut ini saya sertakan data diri saya :
Nama : Elrahman
Tempat Tgl Lahir : Serang 09 September 1984
Agama : Islam
Pendidikan : S1Syari’ah + Akta IV Kependidikan IPK. 3,35 Lulus Tahun 2003
Perguruan Tinggi : Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta
Alamat : Jl. M.Yusuf Link. Kubanglesung Rt. 01/1 Tamanbaru Citangkil
Kota Cilegon Banten.
Telp/HP : ( 0254 ) 385710/380906 HP. 081808036102
Pengalaman kerja :
1. Staf Adm LKBHI di Jogyakarta Tahun 2004
2. Marketing pada Asuransi Bumi Putera di Cilegon Tahun 2005
3. Tenaga Pengajar di SMU swasta di Cilegon Tahun 2005-2011
4. Fasilitator PPK di Serang Banten Tahun 2004-2011
Demikian Biodata singkat dari saya, semoga Bapak/Ibu dapat menerima saya sebagai karyawan di perusahaan yang dipimpin.
Atas segala perhatian dan kebijaksanaannya saya ucapkan banyak terima kasih.
Hormat saya
Shinta Nurmalia
Bagi yang ingin mencari format yang baik untuk contoh surat lamaran kerja kepada perusahaan terbaru, anda bisa mencarinya di situs-situs lowongan kerja online. Biasanya di situs-situs tersebut banyak sekali contoh maupun format yang baik karena situs-situs ini biasanya sudah berpengalaman terkait lowongan pekerajaan dan semua hal terkait pekerjaan. Semoga bermanfaat.
Apasih SMS itu?
Sekarang ini hampir semua orang dewasa memiliki hand phone untuk
kemudahan berkomunikasi. Bahkan anak SD pun tak jarang sudah dibekali HP
dengan tujuan orang tuanya bisa memonitor keberadaan anaknya, baik
lewat telephone ataupun sms. SMS memang paling sering digunakan karena
harganya yang murah dan efisien. Tapi tahukah kamu teknologi di balik
sms tersebut?
Sifat transmisi SMS yang merupakan short burst membuat jenis aplikasi yang memanfaatkan SMS biasanya berupa aplikasi pengiriman data yang ringkas dan pendek. Sifat perangkat SMS yang mobile dan dapat mengirimkan informasi dari mana saja selama masih dalam cakupan layanan opertaor, memunculkan aplikasi lapangan dimana informasi-informasi yang dikumpulkan dari lapangan dikirim secara berkala kepada pusat pengolahan informasi. Pada bidang entertainment, aplikasi SMS dapat digunakan sebagai media untuk bermain game atau saling berkirim pesan-pesan humor maupun karakter-karakter teks yang mempresentasikan gambar.
Variasi aplikasi SMS lainnya adalah untuk aplikasi-aplikasi internet yang di-SMS-kan, seperti mail-to-SMS dan SMS-to-mail. Aplikasi ini memungkinkan user mengirimkan atau menerima e-mail melalui ponsel yang dibawanya. Penerimanya biasanya sangat terbatas, baik dalam hal jumlah karakter, adanya attachment, dan body e-mail yang berformat non-text. Pada umumnya, layanan penerimaan e-mail melalui SMS hanya berupa notifikasi (pemberitahuan). Layanan ini membuat user dapat dengan mudah mengirim e-mail dari manapun user berada, tidak perlu dial-up ke ISP atau mencari warnet.
Saat kita menerima pesan SMS/MMS dari handphone (mobile originated), pesan tersebut tidak langsung dikirimkan ke handphone tujuan (mobile terminated), akan tetapi dikirim terlebih dahulu ke SMS Center (SMSC) yang biasanya berada di kantor operator telepon, baru kemudian pesan tersebut diteruskan ke handphone tujuan. Dengan adanya SMSC, kita dapat mengetahui status dari pesan SMS yang telah dikirim, apakah telah sampai atau gagal.
Apabila handphone tujuan dalam keadaan aktif dan dapat menerima pesan SMS yang dikirim, ia akan mengirimkan kembali pesan konfirmasi ke SMSC yang menyatakan bahwa pesan telah diterima, kemudian SMSC mengirimkan kembali status tersebut kepada si pengirim. Jika handphone tujuan dalam keadaan mati, pesan yang kita kirimkan akan disimpan di SMSC samapai period-validity terpenuhi.
Period-validity artinya tenggang waktu yang diberikan si pengirim pesan sampai pesan dapat diterima oleh si penerima. Hal ini dapat kita atur pada ponsel kita, mulai dari 1 jam sampai lebih dari 1 hari. Setiap detiknya, ponsel kita saling bertukar informasi dengan tower si pengirim paket data untuk memastikan bahwa semua berjalan sebagaimana mestinya.
Ponsel kita juga mengunakan control channel untuk set-up panggilan masuk. Saat seseorang berusaha menelepon kita, tower akan mengirimkan pesan ke control channel, sehingga ponsel akan memainkan ringtones. Saat seseorang mengirimkan SMS, SMS tersebut akan mengalir via SMSC, menuju tower, lalu tower akan mengirimkan pesan ke ponsel kita sebagai paket data pada control channel. Dengan cara yang sama, saat kita mengirim SMS, ponsel akan mengirimnya menuju tower pada control channel dan pesan tersebut akan terkirim memalui tower ke SMSC menuju ponsel yang dituju.
SMS kemudian dikembangkan menjadi Enhaced Message Service, dimana dengan EMS jumlah karakter yang bisa dikirimkan dalam 1 SMS menjadi lebih banyak dan dapat juga digunakan untuk mengirim pesan berupa non-karakter (dapat berupa gambar sederhana). Pada EMS, untuk pengiriman pesan yang lebih dari 160 karakter, maka pesan akan dipecah menjadi beberapa buah, dimana masing-masingnya terdiri dari tidak lebih dari 160 karakter. Misalnya pesan yang dikirmkan terdiri dari 167 karakter, maka pesan ini akan dipecah menjadi 2 buah SMS (1 SMS dengan 160 karakter dan 1 SMS dengan 7 karakter).
Kedua SMS ini akan dikirmkan sebagai 2 SMS terpisah dan di sisi penerima akan digabungkan menjadi satu SMS lagi. Selain itu EMS juga memungkinkan perngiriman data gambar sederhana dan rekaman suara. Ternyata, cara kerja SMS tidak semudah kelihatannya, SMS tidak langsung sampai ke ponsel yang dituju, melainkan melewati serangkaian proses hingga SMS itu sampai ke ponsel yang dituju.
Source: http://www.belajar-sendiri.com/2009/10/apa-itu-sms-dan-bagaimana-cara-kerjanya.html
Short Message Service atau biasa disingkat SMS merupakan sebuah layanan yang banyak diaplikasikan pada sistem komunikasi tanpa kabel (wireless), memungkinkan dilakukannya pengiriman pesan dalam bentuk alphanumeric antara terminal pelanggan atau antar teminal pelanggan dengan sistem eksternal, seperti e-mail, paging, voice mail, dan lain-lain.Aplikasi SMS merupakan aplikasi yang paling banyak peminat dan penggunanya. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan munculnya berbagai jenis aplikasi yang memanfaatkan fasilitas SMS.
Sifat transmisi SMS yang merupakan short burst membuat jenis aplikasi yang memanfaatkan SMS biasanya berupa aplikasi pengiriman data yang ringkas dan pendek. Sifat perangkat SMS yang mobile dan dapat mengirimkan informasi dari mana saja selama masih dalam cakupan layanan opertaor, memunculkan aplikasi lapangan dimana informasi-informasi yang dikumpulkan dari lapangan dikirim secara berkala kepada pusat pengolahan informasi. Pada bidang entertainment, aplikasi SMS dapat digunakan sebagai media untuk bermain game atau saling berkirim pesan-pesan humor maupun karakter-karakter teks yang mempresentasikan gambar.
Variasi aplikasi SMS lainnya adalah untuk aplikasi-aplikasi internet yang di-SMS-kan, seperti mail-to-SMS dan SMS-to-mail. Aplikasi ini memungkinkan user mengirimkan atau menerima e-mail melalui ponsel yang dibawanya. Penerimanya biasanya sangat terbatas, baik dalam hal jumlah karakter, adanya attachment, dan body e-mail yang berformat non-text. Pada umumnya, layanan penerimaan e-mail melalui SMS hanya berupa notifikasi (pemberitahuan). Layanan ini membuat user dapat dengan mudah mengirim e-mail dari manapun user berada, tidak perlu dial-up ke ISP atau mencari warnet.
Teknologi SMS memiliki beberapa keunggulan, diantaranya adalah :
- Harganya murah.
- Merupakan “delivered oriented service”, artinya pesan akan selalu diusahakan untuk dikirimkan ke tujuan. Jika suatu saat nomor tujuan sedang tidak aktif atau di luar jaringan, maka pesan akan disimpan di SMSC (SMS Center) server dana akan dikirimkan segera setelah nomor tujuan aktif kembali. Pesan juga akan terkirim ke tujuan walaupun nomor tujuan sedang melakukan pembicaraan (sibuk).
- Dapat dikirim ke banyak penerima sekaligus pada saat bersamaan.
- Pesan dapat dikirim ke berbagai jenis tujuan, seperti e-mail, IP, ataupun aplikasi lain.
- Kegunaannya banyak, dengan cara diintegrasikan dengan aplikasi content, SMS dapat digunakan untuk berbagai macam keperluan seperti kuis, voting, chatting, reservasi, request informasi, sensus/survey, dan lainnya, tergantung dengan kegunaan dan fungsi aplikasi content yang terhubung dengan SMSC
Saat kita menerima pesan SMS/MMS dari handphone (mobile originated), pesan tersebut tidak langsung dikirimkan ke handphone tujuan (mobile terminated), akan tetapi dikirim terlebih dahulu ke SMS Center (SMSC) yang biasanya berada di kantor operator telepon, baru kemudian pesan tersebut diteruskan ke handphone tujuan. Dengan adanya SMSC, kita dapat mengetahui status dari pesan SMS yang telah dikirim, apakah telah sampai atau gagal.
Apabila handphone tujuan dalam keadaan aktif dan dapat menerima pesan SMS yang dikirim, ia akan mengirimkan kembali pesan konfirmasi ke SMSC yang menyatakan bahwa pesan telah diterima, kemudian SMSC mengirimkan kembali status tersebut kepada si pengirim. Jika handphone tujuan dalam keadaan mati, pesan yang kita kirimkan akan disimpan di SMSC samapai period-validity terpenuhi.
Period-validity artinya tenggang waktu yang diberikan si pengirim pesan sampai pesan dapat diterima oleh si penerima. Hal ini dapat kita atur pada ponsel kita, mulai dari 1 jam sampai lebih dari 1 hari. Setiap detiknya, ponsel kita saling bertukar informasi dengan tower si pengirim paket data untuk memastikan bahwa semua berjalan sebagaimana mestinya.
Ponsel kita juga mengunakan control channel untuk set-up panggilan masuk. Saat seseorang berusaha menelepon kita, tower akan mengirimkan pesan ke control channel, sehingga ponsel akan memainkan ringtones. Saat seseorang mengirimkan SMS, SMS tersebut akan mengalir via SMSC, menuju tower, lalu tower akan mengirimkan pesan ke ponsel kita sebagai paket data pada control channel. Dengan cara yang sama, saat kita mengirim SMS, ponsel akan mengirimnya menuju tower pada control channel dan pesan tersebut akan terkirim memalui tower ke SMSC menuju ponsel yang dituju.
SMS kemudian dikembangkan menjadi Enhaced Message Service, dimana dengan EMS jumlah karakter yang bisa dikirimkan dalam 1 SMS menjadi lebih banyak dan dapat juga digunakan untuk mengirim pesan berupa non-karakter (dapat berupa gambar sederhana). Pada EMS, untuk pengiriman pesan yang lebih dari 160 karakter, maka pesan akan dipecah menjadi beberapa buah, dimana masing-masingnya terdiri dari tidak lebih dari 160 karakter. Misalnya pesan yang dikirmkan terdiri dari 167 karakter, maka pesan ini akan dipecah menjadi 2 buah SMS (1 SMS dengan 160 karakter dan 1 SMS dengan 7 karakter).
Kedua SMS ini akan dikirmkan sebagai 2 SMS terpisah dan di sisi penerima akan digabungkan menjadi satu SMS lagi. Selain itu EMS juga memungkinkan perngiriman data gambar sederhana dan rekaman suara. Ternyata, cara kerja SMS tidak semudah kelihatannya, SMS tidak langsung sampai ke ponsel yang dituju, melainkan melewati serangkaian proses hingga SMS itu sampai ke ponsel yang dituju.
Source: http://www.belajar-sendiri.com/2009/10/apa-itu-sms-dan-bagaimana-cara-kerjanya.html
All About Kobe Bryant
Kobe Bryant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He entered the NBA directly from high school, and has played for the Lakers his entire career, winning five NBA championships. Bryant is a 15-time All-Star, 15-time member of the All-NBA Team, and 12-time member of the All-Defensive team. As of March 2013, he ranks third and fourth[3] on the league's all-time postseason scoring and all-time regular season scoring lists, respectively.
Bryant enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School, where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country. He declared his eligibility for the NBA Draft upon graduation, and was selected with the 13th overall pick in the 1996 NBA Draft by the Charlotte Hornets, then traded to the Los Angeles Lakers. As a rookie, Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high-flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest.
Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive championships from 2000 to 2002. A heated feud between the duo and a loss in the 2004 NBA Finals was followed by O'Neal's trade from the Lakers after the 2003–04 season. Following O'Neal's departure Bryant became the cornerstone of the Los Angeles Lakers franchise. He led the NBA in scoring during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons, setting numerous scoring records in the process. In 2006, Bryant scored a career-high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors, the second most points scored in a single game in NBA history, second only to Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game in 1962. He was awarded the regular season's Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) in 2008. After losing in the 2008 NBA Finals, Bryant led the Lakers to two consecutive championships in 2009 and 2010, earning the NBA Finals MVP Award on both occasions.
At 34 years and 104 days of age, Bryant became the youngest player in league history to reach 30,000 career points. He is also the all-time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history. Since his second year in the league, Bryant has been selected to start every All-Star Game. He has won the All-Star MVP Award four times (2002, 2007, 2009, and 2011), tying him for the most All Star MVP Awards in NBA history. At the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics, he won gold medals as a member of the USA national team. Sporting News and TNT named Bryant the top NBA player of the 2000s.
In 2003, Bryant was accused of sexual assault after having sex with a hotel employee in Edwards, Colorado. In September 2004, prosecutors dropped the case after his accuser refused to testify. A civil suit was later filed and settled out of court.
Contents
Early years
Childhood and youth
Kobe Bryant was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as the youngest of three children and the only son of former Philadelphia 76ers player and former Los Angeles Sparks head coach Joe "Jellybean" Bryant and Pamela Cox Bryant.[4] He is also the maternal nephew of John "Chubby" Cox. His parents named him after the famous beef of Kobe, Japan, which they saw on a restaurant menu.[4] Bryant was raised Roman Catholic.[5] When Bryant was six, his father left the NBA and moved his family to Rieti in Italy to continue playing professional basketball.[6][7] Bryant became accustomed to his new lifestyle and learned to speak Italian and Spanish.[7][8] During summers, he would come back to the United States to play in a basketball summer league.[9]Bryant started playing basketball when he was 3 years old,[10] and his favorite team growing up was the Lakers.[11] Bryant's grandfather would mail him videos of NBA games, which Bryant would study.[11] At an early age he also learned to play soccer, and his favorite team is AC Milan.[12] He has said that if he had stayed in Italy, he would have tried to become a professional soccer player.[12] Bryant is a big fan of former FC Barcelona manager Frank Rijkaard and player Ronaldinho[13] as well as a fan of Galatasaray.[14] Upon Joe Bryant's retirement from playing basketball in 1991, the Bryant family moved back to the United States.
High school
At Adidas ABCD camp, Bryant earned the 1995 senior MVP award,[18] while playing alongside future NBA teammate Lamar Odom.[19] While in high school, then 76ers coach John Lucas invited Bryant to work out and scrimmage with the team, where he played one-on-one with Jerry Stackhouse.[20] In his senior year of high school, Bryant led the Aces to their first state championship in 53 years. During the run, he averaged 30.8 points, 12 rebounds, 6.5 assists, 4.0 steals, and 3.8 blocked shots in leading the Aces to a 31–3 record.[21] Bryant ended his high school career as Southeastern Pennsylvania's all-time leading scorer at 2,883 points, surpassing both Wilt Chamberlain and Lionel Simmons.[22]
Bryant received several awards for his performance his senior year including being named Naismith High School Player of the Year, Gatorade Men's National Basketball Player of the Year, a McDonald's All-American, and a USA Today All-USA First Team player.[23] Bryant's varsity coach, Greg Downer, commented that Bryant was "a complete player who dominates".[21] In 1996, Bryant took R&B singer Brandy Norwood to his senior prom,[24] though the two were, and remain, just friends. Ultimately, however, the 17-year-old Bryant made the decision to go directly into the NBA, only the fifth player in NBA history to do so.[15] Bryant's news was met with a lot of publicity at a time when prep-to-pro NBA players were not very common (Garnett being the only exception in 20 years).[15] His SAT score of 1080[25] would have ensured his basketball scholarship to various top-tier colleges and Bryant has stated that if he had decided to go to college after high school, he would have attended Duke University.[26] In 2012, Bryant was honored as one of the 35 Greatest McDonald's All-Americans.[27]
NBA career
1996 NBA Draft
The first guard to ever be taken out of high school, Bryant was chosen as the 13th overall draft pick by the Charlotte Hornets in 1996.[28] According to Arn Tellem, Bryant's agent at the time, Bryant playing for the Charlotte Hornets was "an impossibility".[29] However, Bill Branch, the Hornets' head scout at the time, said that the Hornets agreed to trade their draft selection to the Lakers before picking Bryant. The teams agreed to the trade the day before the draft and the Lakers did not tell the Hornets who to select until five minutes before the pick was made.[30] Branch said that prior to the trade agreement, the Hornets never even considered drafting Bryant. Prior to the draft, Bryant had worked out in Los Angeles, in which he scrimmaged against former Lakers players Larry Drew and Michael Cooper, and according to then-Laker manager Jerry West "marched over these people".[31] On July 1, 1996, West traded his starting center, Vlade Divac, to the Hornets in exchange for Bryant's draft rights.[32] Since he was still 17 at the time of the draft, his parents had to cosign his contract with the Lakers until he was able to sign his own when he turned 18 before the season began.[33]First three seasons (1996–99)
During his rookie season, Bryant mostly came off the bench behind guards Eddie Jones and Nick Van Exel.[34] At the time he became the youngest player ever to play in an NBA game (18 years, 72 days; a record since broken by Jermaine O'Neal and Andrew Bynum), and also became the youngest NBA starter ever (18 years, 158 days).[35][36] Initially, Bryant played limited minutes, but as the season continued, he began to see some more playing time. By the end of the season, he averaged 15.5 minutes a game. During the All-Star weekend, Bryant was the winner of the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest, becoming the youngest player to be named the slam dunk champion at the age of 18.[37] Bryant's performance throughout the year earned him a spot on the NBA All Rookie second team with fellow bench teammate Travis Knight.[38] His final minutes of the season ended in disaster when he shot 4 air balls at crucial times in the game.[21] He first missed a jumper to win the game in the 4th quarter and 3 three-pointers in overtime (2 of which would have tied the game in the final minute). With that the Utah Jazz ended the playoffs for the Lakers in the second round. Shaquille O'Neal commented years later that "[Bryant] was the only guy who had the guts at the time to take shots like that."[39][40]In Bryant's second season, he received more playing time and began to show more of his abilities as a talented young guard. As a result Bryant's point averages more than doubled from 7.6 to 15.4 points per game.[41] Bryant would see an increase in minutes when the Lakers "played small", which would feature Bryant playing small forward alongside the guards he would usually back up.[42] Bryant was the runner-up for the NBA's Sixth Man of the Year Award,[43] and through fan voting, he also became the youngest NBA All-Star starter in NBA history.[44] He was joined by teammates Shaquille O'Neal, Nick Van Exel, and Eddie Jones, making it the first time since 1983 that four players on the same team were selected to play in the same All-Star Game. Bryant's 15.4 points per game was the highest of any non-starter in the season.[45]
The 1998–99 season marked Bryant's emergence as a premiere guard in the league. With starting guards Nick Van Exel and Eddie Jones traded, Bryant started every game for the lockout-shortened 50-game season. During the season, Bryant signed a 6-year contract extension worth $70 million.[45] This kept him with the Lakers until the end of the 2003–04 season. Even at an early stage of his career, sportswriters were comparing his skills to those of Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson.[33][46][47] The playoff results, however, were no better, as the Lakers were swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Semifinals.[48]
Three-peat (1999–2002)
Bryant started the 1999–2000 season sidelined for six weeks due to an injury to his hand in a preseason game against the Washington Wizards.[53] With Bryant back and playing over 38 minutes a game, he saw an increase in all statistical categories in the 1999–2000 season. This included leading the team in assists per game and steals per game. The duo of O'Neal and Bryant backed with a strong bench led to the Lakers winning 67 games, tied for fifth-most in NBA history. This followed with O'Neal winning the MVP and Bryant being named to the All-NBA Team Second Team and All-NBA Defensive Team for the first time in his career (the youngest player ever to receive defensive honors).[54] While playing second fiddle to O'Neal in the playoffs, Bryant had some clutch performances including a 25 point, 11 rebound, 7 assist, 4 block game in game 7 of the Western Conference finals against the Portland Trail Blazers.[55] He also threw an alley-oop pass to O'Neal to clinch the game and the series. In the 2000 NBA Finals against the Indiana Pacers, Bryant injured his ankle in the second quarter of Game 2 after landing on the Pacers' Jalen Rose's foot. Rose later admitted he placed his foot under Bryant intentionally.[56][57] Bryant did not return to the game, and he also missed Game 3 due to the injury. In Game 4, Bryant scored 22 points in the second half, and led the team to an OT victory as O'Neal fouled out of the game. Bryant scored the winning shot to put the Lakers ahead 120–118.[58] With a 116–111 Game 6 victory, the Lakers won their first championship since 1988.[59]
Statistically, the 2000–01 season saw Bryant perform similarly to the previous year, but he averaged 6 more points a game (28.5). It was also the year when disagreements between Bryant and O'Neal began to surface.[60] Once again he led the team in assists with 5 per game. The Lakers however, only won 56 games, an 11-game drop off from last year. The Lakers would respond by going 15–1 in the playoffs. They easily swept the Portland Trail Blazers, Sacramento Kings, and San Antonio Spurs, before losing their first game against the Philadelphia 76ers in OT. They would go on to win the next 4 games and bring their second championship to Los Angeles in as many seasons. During the playoffs, Bryant played heavy minutes which brought his stats up to 29.4 points, 7.3 rebounds, and 6.1 assists per game. In the playoffs, teammate O'Neal declared Bryant the best player in the league.[21][61] Bryant ended up making the All NBA Second team and All NBA Defensive Team for the second year in a row. In addition, he was also voted to start in the NBA All-Star Game for the 3rd year in a row (no game in 1999).
In the 2001–02 season, Bryant played 80 games for the first time in his career. He continued his all-round play by averaging 25.2 points, 5.5 rebounds, and 5.5 assists per game. He also had a career high 46.9% shooting and once again led his team in assists. While making the All-Star team and All-NBA Defensive team again, he was also promoted to the All-NBA First Team for the first time in his career. The Lakers won 58 games that year and finished second place in the Pacific Division behind in-state rival Sacramento Kings. Bryant was suspended one game after he punched Reggie Miller of the Indiana Pacers after the Lakers' March 1, 2002 victory over the Pacers.[62][63]
The road to the Finals would prove a lot tougher than the record run the Lakers had the previous year. While the Lakers swept the Blazers and defeated the Spurs 4–1, the Lakers did not have home court advantage against the Sacramento Kings. The series would stretch to 7 games, the first time this happened to the Lakers since the 2000 Western Conference Finals. However, the Lakers were able to beat their division rivals and make their third consecutive NBA Finals appearance. In the 2002 Finals, Bryant averaged 26.8 points, 51.4% shooting, 5.8 rebounds, 5.3 assists per game, which included scoring a quarter of the teams points.[64] At age 23, Bryant became the youngest player to win three championships.[64] Bryant's play was notable and praised for his performance in the 4th quarter of games, specifically the last 2 rounds of the playoffs.[64][65] This cemented Bryant's reputation as a clutch player.
Coming up short (2002–04)
In the following 2003–04 season, the Lakers were able to acquire NBA All-Stars Karl Malone, and Gary Payton to make another push at the NBA Championship.[67] Before the season began, Bryant was arrested for sexual assault.[68] This caused Bryant to miss some games due to court appearances or attend court earlier in the day and travel to play games later in same day.[69] In the final game of the regular season, the Lakers played the Portland Trail Blazers. Bryant made two buzzer beaters to win the game and the Pacific Division title. At the end of the fourth quarter, Bryant made a 3-pointer with 1.1 seconds left to send it into overtime.[70] The game eventually went to a second overtime, in which Bryant made another 3-pointer as time expired to lift the Lakers past the Blazers, 105–104.[70]
With a starting lineup of O'Neal, Malone, Payton, and Bryant, the Lakers were able to reach the NBA Finals.[71] However, they were upset in five games by the Detroit Pistons, who won their first championship since 1990.[72] In that series, Bryant averaged 22.6 points per game and 4.4 assists. He shot 35.1% from the field.[73] Phil Jackson's contract as coach was not renewed, and Rudy Tomjanovich took over.[74] Shaquille O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat for Lamar Odom, Caron Butler, and Brian Grant.[75] The following day, Bryant declined an offer to sign with the Los Angeles Clippers and re-signed with the Lakers on a seven-year contract.[76]
Setting records and playoffs disappointments (2004–07)
The 2005–06 NBA season would mark a crossroads in Bryant's basketball career. Despite past differences with Bryant, Phil Jackson returned to coach the Lakers.[84] Bryant endorsed the move, and by all appearances, the two men worked together well the second time around, leading the Lakers back into the playoffs. Bryant's individual scoring accomplishments posted resulted in the finest statistical season of his career. On December 20, 2005, Bryant scored 62 points in three quarters against the Dallas Mavericks. Entering the fourth quarter, Bryant outscored the entire Mavericks team 62–61, the only time a player has done this through three quarters since the introduction of the shot clock.[85] When the Lakers faced the Miami Heat on January 16, 2006, Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal made headlines by engaging in handshakes and hugs before the game, signifying a change in the feud that had festered between them.[86] A month later, at the 2006 NBA All-Star Game, the two were seen laughing together.[87]
Later in the season, it was reported that Bryant would change his jersey number from 8 to 24 at the start of the 2006–07 NBA season. Bryant's first high school number was 24 before he switched to 33.[97] After the Lakers' season ended, Bryant said on TNT that he wanted 24 as a rookie, but it was unavailable, as was 33, retired with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Bryant wore 143 at the Adidas ABCD camp, and chose 8 by adding those numbers.[97] In the first round of the playoffs, the Lakers played well enough to reach a 3–1 series lead over the Phoenix Suns, culminating with Bryant's OT-forcing and game-winning shots in Game 4. They came within six seconds of eliminating the second-seeded Suns in Game 6, however, they lost that game 126–118 in overtime.[98] Despite Bryant's 27.9 points per game in the series, the Lakers broke down, and ultimately fell to the Suns in seven games.[98] Bryant received criticism for only taking three shots in the second half of the 121–90 Game 7 loss to Phoenix.[99] In the 2006 off-season, Bryant had knee surgery, preventing him from participating in the 2006 FIBA World Championship tournament.[100]
On March 16, Bryant scored a season-high 65 points in a home game against the Portland Trail Blazers, which helped end the Lakers 7-game losing streak. This was the second-best scoring performance of his 11-year career.[105] The following game, Bryant recorded 50 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves,[106] after which he scored 60 points in a road win against the Memphis Grizzlies—becoming the second Laker to score three straight 50-plus point games, a feat not seen since Michael Jordan last did it in 1987.[107] The only other Laker to do so was Elgin Baylor, who also scored 50+ in three consecutive contests in December 1962.[107] In the following day, in a game against the New Orleans Hornets, Bryant scored 50 points, making him the second player in NBA history to have 4 straight 50 point games behind Wilt Chamberlain, who is the all-time leader with seven consecutive 50 point games twice.[108] Bryant finished the year with a total of ten 50-plus point games,[109] becoming the only player beside Wilt Chamberlain in 1961–62 and 1962–63 to do so in one season. He also won his second straight scoring title that season.[110] Throughout the 2006–07 season, Bryant's jersey became the top selling NBA jersey in the United States and China.[111] A number of journalists have attributed the improved sales to Bryant's new number, as well as his continuing All-Star performance on the court.[112][113] In the 2007 NBA Playoffs, the Lakers were once again eliminated in the first round by the Phoenix Suns, 4–1.[114]
MVP year and trip to the finals (2007–08)
On May 27, 2007, ESPN reported that Bryant stated that he wanted to be traded if Jerry West did not return to the team with full authority.[115] Bryant later confirmed his desire for West's return to the franchise, but denied stating that he would want to be traded if that does not occur.[116] However, three days later, on Stephen A. Smith's radio program, Bryant expressed anger over a Lakers "insider" who claimed that Bryant was responsible for Shaquille O'Neal's departure from the team, and publicly stated, "I want to be traded."[117] Three hours after making that statement, Bryant stated in another interview that after having a conversation with head coach Phil Jackson, he has reconsidered his decision and backed off his trade request.[118] Bryant would later be shown on an infamous amateur video saying that center Andrew Bynum should have been traded for All-Star Jason Kidd.[119][120]
Aided by the signing of Spanish All-Star Pau Gasol, Bryant lead his team to a West best 57–25 record. The Lakers swept the Nuggets in the first round and on May 6, 2008, and Bryant was officially announced as the NBA Most Valuable Player award, his first for his career.[124] He said, "It's been a long ride. I'm very proud to represent this organization, to represent this city."[125] Jerry West, who was responsible for bringing Bryant to the Lakers, was on hand at the press conference to observe Bryant receive his MVP trophy from NBA commissioner David Stern. He stated, "Kobe deserved it. He's had just another great season. Doesn't surprise me one bit."[126] In addition to winning his MVP award, Bryant was the only unanimous selection to the All-NBA team on May 8, 2008 for the third straight season and sixth time in his career.[127] He would then headline the NBA All-Defensive First Team with Kevin Garnett, receiving 52 points overall including 24 first-place nods, earning his eighth selection.[128]
The Lakers concluded the 2007–08 regular season with a 57–25 record, finishing first in the Western Conference and setting up themselves for a first-round contest against the Nuggets. In Game 1, Bryant, who said he made himself a decoy through most of the game, scored 18 of his 32 points in the final 8 minutes to keep Los Angeles safely ahead.[129] That made Denver the first 50-win team to be swept out of the first round of the playoffs since the Memphis Grizzlies fell in four to the San Antonio Spurs in 2004.[130] In the first game of the next round against the Jazz, Bryant scored 38 points as the Lakers beat the Jazz in Game 1.[131] The Lakers won the next game as well, but dropped Games 3 and 4, even with Bryant putting up 33.5 points per game.[132] The Lakers then won the next two games to win the semifinals in 6.[132] This set up a Western Conference Finals berth against the San Antonio Spurs. The Lakers defeated the Spurs in 5 games, sending themselves to the NBA Finals against the Boston Celtics. This marked the fifth time in Bryant's career and the first time without Shaquille O'Neal to go to the NBA Finals.[133] The Lakers then lost to the Boston Celtics in 6 games.[134]
Back on top (2008–10)
On April 2, 2010, Bryant signed a three-year contract extension worth $87 million.[155] Bryant finished the regular season missing four of the final five games, due to injuries to his knee and finger. Bryant suffered multiple injuries throughout the season and as a result, missed nine games. The Lakers began the playoffs as the number one seed in the Western Conference against the Oklahoma City Thunder,[156] eventually defeating them in six games.[157] The Lakers swept the Utah Jazz in the second round[158] and advanced to the Western Conference Finals, where they faced Phoenix Suns. In Game 2, Bryant finished the game with 13 assists, setting a new playoff career high; it was the most assists by a Laker in the playoffs since Magic Johnson had 13 in 1996.[159] The Lakers went on to win the series in six games capturing the Western Conference Championship and advancing to the NBA Finals for a third straight season.[160] In a rematch against the 2008 Champion Boston Celtics, Bryant, despite shooting 6 for 24 from the field, led the Lakers back from a thirteen-point third quarter deficit in Game 7 to win the championship; he scored 10 of his game-high 23 points in the fourth quarter, and finished the game with 15 rebounds. Bryant won his fifth championship and earned his second consecutive NBA Finals MVP award.[161] This marked the first time the Lakers won a Game 7 against the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals.[162] Bryant said that this was the most satisfying of all of his five championships.[163]
Chasing the sixth championship (2010–present)
The Lakers started the 2010–11 season by winning their first eight games.[164] In his ninth game of the season, playing against the Denver Nuggets, Bryant became the youngest player in NBA history to reach 26,000 career points.[165] Bryant also recorded his first triple double since January 21, 2009.[166] On January 30 against the Celtics, he become the youngest player to score 27,000 points.[167] On February 1, 2011, Bryant became one of seven players with at least 25,000 points, 5,000 rebounds and 5,000 assists.[168] In Boston on February 10, Bryant scored 20 of his 23 points in the second half as the Lakers rallied from an early 15-point deficit for a 92–86 win over the Celtics.[169] It was the Lakers' first victory of the season against one of the league's top four teams, as they entered the game 0–5 in previous matchups and had been outscored by an average of 11 points.[170] Bryant, selected to his 13th straight All-Star game after becoming the leading vote-getter, had 37 points, 14 rebounds, and three steals in the 2011 All-Star Game and won his fourth All-Star MVP, tying Hall of Famer Bob Pettit for the most All-Star MVP awards.[171][172] During the season, Bryant moved from 12th to 6th place on the NBA all-time career scoring list, passing John Havlicek, Dominique Wilkins, Oscar Robertson, Hakeem Olajuwon, Elvin Hayes, and Moses Malone.[173] Bryant finished the season averaging less than 20 shots a game, his fewest since the 2003–04 season.[174]
On April 13, 2011, the NBA fined Bryant $100,000 for directing a gay slur at referee Bennie Adams in frustration in the previous day's game.[175][176][177] The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation praised the NBA's decision to fine Bryant, and the Human Rights Campaign said that Bryant's language was a "disgrace" and "distasteful". Bryant stated that he was open to discussing the matter with gay rights groups and wanted to appeal his fine.[178][179][180] He later apologized for the use of the word.[181][182] Bryant and other Lakers appeared in a Lakers public service announcement denouncing his behavior.[183] The team's quest for another three-peat was ended when they were swept by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round of the playoffs. The Mavericks would go on to win the 2011 NBA Finals.
Bryant received experimental platelet-rich plasma therapy called Orthokine in Germany to treat the pain on his left knee and ankle,[184][185][186] and Mike Brown replaced the retired Phil Jackson as coach of the Lakers in the offseason. Bryant began the season playing with an injured wrist.[187] On January 10, 2012, Bryant scored 48 points against the Suns, the most ever by a player in his 16th season. "Not bad for the seventh-best player in the league," said Bryant, referring to a preseason ESPN ranking of the NBA's top players.[188] He went on to score 40, 42, and 42 in his next three games.[189] It was the sixth time in his career he scored 40 or more points in four straight games, a feat exceeded only by Wilt Chamberlain (19 times).[190] At the 2012 NBA All-Star Game, Bryant scored 27 points to pass Michael Jordan as the career scoring leader in the All-Star Game.[191] He also suffered a broken nose and a concussion in the third quarter of the All-Star Game after a hard foul from Dwyane Wade.[192] In April, Bryant missed seven games with a bruised left shin.[193] He returned three games before the end of the regular season. In the last game of the regular season, against Sacramento, he chose not to go for a possible third NBA scoring title, having needed 38 points to surpass Kevin Durant.[194] The Lakers were knocked out of the playoffs by Durant's Oklahoma City Thunder in the second round of the playoffs, losing in five games.
Bryant was leading the league in scoring though much of the first 42 games.[206] With a disappointing 17–25 start to the season,[207] D'Antoni had Bryant became the primary facilitator on offense and Nash was moved off the ball and became more of a spot-up shooter.[208][209][210] In the next three games, Bryant had at least 10 assists in three wins with a three-game total of 39 assists, the most in his career. He missed a triple double in each game with nine rebounds twice and eight in the other.[211][212] In two crucial wins in March, he scored at least 40 points and had at least 10 assists in back-to-back games, becoming the first Laker to accomplish the feat since Jerry West in 1970.[213][214]
With the Lakers fighting to secure the eighth and final playoff berth in the Western Conference, coupled with injuries on the team, Bryant began playing almost all 48 minutes each game.[215] On April 10, 2013, Bryant became the first player in NBA history to get 47 points, eight rebounds, five assists, four blocks and three steals in an NBA game.[216] On April 12, Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon against the Golden State Warriors, ending his season. His injury came while he was playing seven consecutive quarters and at least 40 minutes for seven consecutive games. The 34-year-old Bryant was averaging his most minutes (38.6) in six years, and only Portland rookie Damian Lillard was averaging more minutes. Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak had spoken to Bryant about his extensive playing time 10 days earlier, but Bryant insisted the minutes needed to continue given the Lakers' playoff push.[217] Bryant had surgery on April 13 to repair the tear, and it was estimated he would miss six to nine months.[218] He ended the season with his customary numbers scoring average of 27.3 points, 46.3 percent shooting, 5.6 rebounds and 6 assists. However, The New York Times called his leading of the Lakers back into playoff contention "perhaps some of the finest work of his career".[219] Eight times he reached 40 points during the season, and eleven times he had 10 or more assists in his role as distributor, dubbed "Magic Mamba" after the passing skills of Magic Johnson. Bryant's assists were the second-highest of his career and his field goal percentage was its highest since 2008–09.[214]
Bryant resumed practicing starting in November, after the start of the 2013–14 season. On November 25, he signed a two-year contract extension with the Lakers at an estimated value of $48.5 million that would make him the first NBA player to play 20 years with the same franchise.[220] He remained the league's highest-paid player, despite accepting the discounted deal; he had been eligible to receive an extension starting at $32 million per year.[221]
International career
Bryant's senior international career with the United States national team finally began in 2007. He was a member of the 2007 USA Men's Senior National Team and USA FIBA Americas Championship Team that finished 10–0, won gold and qualified the United States men for the 2008 Olympics. He started in all 10 of the USA's FIBA Americas Championship games. Bryant averaged 15.3 points, 2.9 assists, 2.0 rebounds, and 1.6 steals per game in the tournament.[228]
On June 23, 2008, he was named to the USA Men's Senior National Team for the 2008 Summer Olympics.[229] This was his first time going to the Olympics. Bryant scored 20 points, including 13 in the fourth quarter, along with six assists, as Team USA defeated Spain 118–107 in the gold medal game of the 2008 Summer Olympics on August 24, 2008, for its first gold medal in a worldwide international competition since the 2000 Olympics.[230] He averaged 15.0 points, 2.8 rebounds and 2.1 assists while shooting .462 from the field in eight Olympic contests.
Bryant rejoined the national team for the 2012 Summer Olympics.[231] He retired from the team after winning another gold medal.[232]
Player profile
Bryant is often cited as one of the most dangerous scorers in the NBA,[239][240] and holds numerous scoring and shooting records including the second highest single game scoring performance with 81 points and the most single game three-pointers made with 12.[241] Chris Ballard of Sports Illustrated describes one of Bryant's most famous moves as the "jab step-and-pause": Bryant jabs his non-pivot foot forward to let the defender relax and instead of bringing the jab foot back, pushing off it and driving around his opponent to get to the basket.[242] Throughout his career, Bryant's has been criticized for being too selfish with the ball in certain situations,[243][244] with Phil Jackson explaining, "Kobe tends to force the action, especially when the game isn't going his way. When his shot is off, Kobe will pound away relentlessly until his luck turns."[245]
Aside from his abilities on offense, he has established himself as a standout defender, having made the All-Defensive first or second team twelve of the last thirteen seasons.[4] Bryant rarely draws charges playing defense, which he believes has spared his body and contributed to his longevity.[246] He has also been noted being one of the premier clutch performers in the NBA.[247] In an annual survey of NBA general managers, Bryant was selected in 2012 for the 10th consecutive season as the player they most wanted taking the shot with the game on the line.[248][249][neutrality is disputed] Both Sporting News and TNT named Bryant the NBA player of the 2000s (decade).[250][251] Bryant is lauded for his work ethic.[252] He is also one of many prominent NBA players who participates in private workouts with Idan Ravin.[253]
NBA career statistics
| Legend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| FG% | Field goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field goal percentage | FT% | Free throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | Bold | Career high |
| † | Denotes seasons in which the Lakers won an NBA championship |
| Led the league |
Regular season
- Correct as of April 13, 2013
| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996–97 | L.A. Lakers | 71 | 6 | 15.5 | .417 | .375 | .819 | 1.9 | 1.3 | .7 | .3 | 7.6 |
| 1997–98 | L.A. Lakers | 79 | 1 | 26.0 | .428 | .341 | .794 | 3.1 | 2.5 | .9 | .5 | 15.4 |
| 1998–99 | L.A. Lakers | 50 | 50 | 37.9 | .465 | .267 | .839 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 19.9 |
| 1999–00† | L.A. Lakers | 66 | 62 | 38.2 | .468 | .319 | .821 | 6.3 | 4.9 | 1.6 | .9 | 22.5 |
| 2000–01† | L.A. Lakers | 68 | 68 | 40.9 | .464 | .305 | .853 | 5.9 | 5.0 | 1.7 | .6 | 28.5 |
| 2001–02† | L.A. Lakers | 80 | 80 | 38.3 | .469 | .250 | .829 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 1.5 | .4 | 25.2 |
| 2002–03 | L.A. Lakers | 82 | 82 | 41.5 | .451 | .383 | .843 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 2.2 | .8 | 30.0 |
| 2003–04 | L.A. Lakers | 65 | 64 | 37.6 | .438 | .327 | .852 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 1.7 | .4 | 24.0 |
| 2004–05 | L.A. Lakers | 66 | 66 | 40.7 | .433 | .339 | .816 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 1.3 | .8 | 27.6 |
| 2005–06 | L.A. Lakers | 80 | 80 | 41.0 | .450 | .347 | .850 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 1.8 | .4 | 35.4[254] |
| 2006–07 | L.A. Lakers | 77 | 77 | 40.8 | .463 | .344 | .868 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 1.4 | .5 | 31.6[255] |
| 2007–08 | L.A. Lakers | 82 | 82 | 38.9 | .459 | .361 | .840 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 1.8 | .5 | 28.3 |
| 2008–09† | L.A. Lakers | 82 | 82 | 36.1 | .467 | .351 | .856 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 1.5 | .5 | 26.8 |
| 2009–10† | L.A. Lakers | 73 | 73 | 38.8 | .456 | .329 | .811 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 1.5 | .3 | 27.0 |
| 2010–11 | L.A. Lakers | 82 | 82 | 33.9 | .451 | .323 | .828 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 1.2 | .1 | 25.3 |
| 2011–12 | L.A. Lakers | 58 | 58 | 38.5 | .430 | .303 | .845 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 1.2 | .3 | 27.9 |
| 2012–13 | L.A. Lakers | 78 | 78 | 38.6 | .463 | .324 | .839 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 1.4 | .3 | 27.3 |
| Career | 1239 | 1091 | 36.6 | .454 | .336 | .838 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 1.5 | .5 | 25.5 | |
| All-Star | 14 | 14 | 27.8 | .507 | .333 | .806 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 2.6 | .4 | 20.0 |
Playoffs
| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | L.A. Lakers | 9 | 0 | 14.8 | .382 | .261 | .867 | 1.2 | 1.2 | .3 | .2 | 8.2 |
| 1998 | L.A. Lakers | 11 | 0 | 20.0 | .408 | .214 | .689 | 1.9 | 1.5 | .3 | .7 | 8.7 |
| 1999 | L.A. Lakers | 8 | 8 | 39.4 | .430 | .348 | .800 | 6.9 | 4.6 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 19.8 |
| 2000† | L.A. Lakers | 22 | 22 | 39.0 | .442 | .344 | .754 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 21.1 |
| 2001† | L.A. Lakers | 16 | 16 | 43.4 | .469 | .324 | .821 | 7.3 | 6.1 | 1.6 | .8 | 29.4 |
| 2002† | L.A. Lakers | 19 | 19 | 43.8 | .434 | .379 | .759 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 1.4 | .9 | 26.6 |
| 2003 | L.A. Lakers | 12 | 12 | 44.3 | .432 | .403 | .827 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 1.2 | .1 | 32.1 |
| 2004 | L.A. Lakers | 22 | 22 | 44.2 | .413 | .247 | .813 | 4.7 | 5.5 | 1.9 | .3 | 24.5 |
| 2006 | L.A. Lakers | 7 | 7 | 44.9 | .497 | .400 | .771 | 6.3 | 5.1 | 1.1 | .4 | 27.9 |
| 2007 | L.A. Lakers | 5 | 5 | 43.0 | .462 | .357 | .919 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 1.0 | .4 | 32.8 |
| 2008 | L.A. Lakers | 21 | 21 | 41.1 | .479 | .302 | .809 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 1.7 | .4 | 30.1 |
| 2009† | L.A. Lakers | 23 | 23 | 40.8 | .457 | .349 | .883 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 1.7 | .9 | 30.2 |
| 2010† | L.A. Lakers | 23 | 23 | 40.1 | .458 | .374 | .842 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 1.3 | .7 | 29.2 |
| 2011 | L.A. Lakers | 10 | 10 | 35.4 | .446 | .293 | .820 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 1.6 | .3 | 22.8 |
| 2012 | L.A. Lakers | 12 | 12 | 39.7 | .439 | .283 | .832 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 1.3 | .2 | 30.0 |
| Career | 220 | 200 | 39.3 | .448 | .331 | .816 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 1.4 | .6 | 25.6 |
Accomplishments and records
Main article: List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant
Bryant led the NBA in scoring during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons.[4] In 2006, Bryant scored a career-high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors, the second-highest number of points scored in a game in NBA history,[88][256] behind only Wilt Chamberlain's 100 point performance. Bryant was awarded the regular season's Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) in the 2007–08 season and led his team to the 2008 NBA Finals as the first seed in the Western Conference.[257] In the 2008 Summer Olympics, he won a gold medal as a member of the U.S. men's basketball team, occasionally referred to as "The Redeem Team".[258] He won another gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He led the Lakers to two more championships in 2009 and 2010, winning the Finals MVP award on both occasions.Bryant has been selected to 15 All-NBA Teams (11 times to the All-NBA First Team) and 12 All-Defensive Teams (nine times to the All-Defensive First Team). He was selected to play in the NBA All-Star Game on 15 occasions, winning All-Star MVP Awards in 2002, 2007, 2009 and 2011 (he shared the 2009 award with Shaquille O'Neal). He also won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1997.[259] As of May 2011, he has had 5 sixty-point games, 24 fifty-point games, and 107 forty-point games.
Off the court
Personal life
In November 1999, 21-year-old Bryant met 17-year-old Vanessa Laine while she was working as a background dancer on the Tha Eastsidaz music video "G'd Up".[260] Bryant was in the building working on his debut musical album. The two began dating and became engaged just six months later in May 2000,[260] while Laine was still a senior at Marina High School in Huntington Beach, California. To avoid media scrutiny, she finished high school through independent study.[260] According to Vanessa's cousin Laila Laine, there was no prenuptial agreement. Vanessa said Bryant "loved her too much for one".[261]They married on April 18, 2001, at St. Edward Roman Catholic Church in Dana Point, California.[262][unreliable source?] Neither Bryant's parents, his two sisters, longtime advisor and agent Arn Tellem, nor Bryant's Laker teammates attended. Bryant's parents were opposed to the marriage for a number of reasons. Reportedly Bryant's parents had problems with him marrying so young, especially to a woman who was not African-American.[c][260] This disagreement resulted in an estrangement period of over two years, which ended when Bryant had his first daughter.[citation needed] In 2013, Bryant had a legal disagreement with an auction house over memorabilia from his early years that his mother intended to auction. Pamela Bryant received $450,000 from the auction house for the items, and claimed Bryant had given her the rights to the items he had remaining in her home. However, his lawyers asked the auction house to return the items to Bryant.[264] Before the scheduled trial, a settlement was reached allowing the sale of less than 10% of the original items. Bryant's parents apologized to him in a written statement, which also acknowledged the financial support Bryant had provided them in the past.[265][266]
In January 2002, Bryant bought a Mediterranean-style house for $4 million, located in a cul-de-sac in Newport Coast, Newport Beach.[267] The Bryants' first child, a daughter named Natalia Diamante Bryant, was born on January 19, 2003. The birth of Natalia influenced Bryant to reconcile his differences with his parents. Vanessa Bryant suffered a miscarriage due to an ectopic pregnancy in the spring of 2005. Their second daughter, Gianna Maria-Onore Bryant, was born on May 1, 2006. Gianna was born six minutes ahead of former teammate Shaquille O'Neal's daughter Me'arah Sanaa, who was born in Florida.[268] On December 16, 2011, Vanessa Bryant filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences, and the couple requested joint custody of their daughters.[269][270] On January 11, 2013, Bryant and his wife both announced via social media that they had called off their divorce.[271]
In an early 2007 interview, it was revealed that Bryant still speaks Italian fluently.[7] Bryant assigned himself the nickname of "Black Mamba", citing a desire for his basketball skills to mimic the snake of that name's ability to "strike with 99% accuracy at maximum speed, in rapid succession."[272] During the 2012–13 season, he began referring to himself as "vino" to describe how his play had been aging like a fine wine.[273][274]
Sexual assault allegation
Main article: Kobe Bryant sexual assault case
In the summer of 2003, the sheriff's office of Eagle, Colorado, arrested Bryant in connection with an investigation of a sexual assault
complaint filed by a 19-year old hotel employee. Bryant had checked
into The Lodge and Spa at Cordillera in Eagle County in advance of
undergoing knee surgery nearby. The accuser stated that Bryant raped her
in his hotel room the night before Bryant was to have the procedure.
Bryant admitted an adulterous sexual encounter with his accuser, but
denied her sexual assault allegation.[275][276]The accusation tarnished Bryant's reputation, as the public's perception of Bryant plummeted, and his endorsement contracts with McDonald's and Nutella were terminated. Sales for Bryant's replica jersey fell significantly from their previous highs.[277] However, in September 2004, the assault case was dropped by prosecutors after the accuser refused to testify in the trial. Afterward, Bryant agreed to apologize to her for the incident, including his public mea culpa: "Although I truly believe this encounter between us was consensual, I recognize now that she did not and does not view this incident the same way I did. After months of reviewing discovery, listening to her attorney, and even her testimony in person, I now understand how she feels that she did not consent to this encounter."[278][279] The accuser filed a separate civil lawsuit against Bryant, which the two sides ultimately settled with the specific terms of the settlement being undisclosed to the public.
Endorsements
On December 13, 2010, Bryant signed a two-year endorsement deal with Turkey's national airline, Turkish Airlines. The deal involved Bryant being in a promotional film to be aired in over 80 countries in addition to his being used in digital, print and billboard advertising.[295][296][297]
Bryant has appeared as the cover athlete for the following video games:
- Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside[298]
- NBA Courtside 2: Featuring Kobe Bryant[299]
- NBA Courtside 2002[300]
- NBA 3 On 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant[301]
- NBA '07: Featuring the Life Vol. 2[302]
- NBA '09: The Inside[303]
- NBA 2K10
Music
In high school, Bryant was a member of a rap group called CHEIZAW, named after the Chi Sah gang in the martial arts film Kid with the Golden Arm. The group was signed by Sony Entertainment, but the company's ultimate goal was to eliminate the group and have Bryant record on his own. The label wanted to capitalize on Bryant's youth and NBA fame. He performed at a 1997 concert by Sway & King Tech and recorded a verse for a remix of Brian McKnight's "Hold Me". Bryant even appeared on Lakers teammate O'Neal's Respect, starting the track "3 X's Dope", though Bryant's name was not listed on the credits.[6]Sony pushed Bryant from his roots of underground hip hop into a more radio-friendly sound. His debut album, Visions, was scheduled to release in the spring of 2000. The first single, "K.O.B.E'", featured supermodel Tyra Banks singing the hook. The single debuted in January 2000, and was performed at NBA All-Star Weekend that month; the song was not well received. Sony abandoned plans for the album, which was never released, and dropped Bryant later that year. The Sony president who originally signed Bryant had already left, and Bryant's other backers had mostly abandoned him. Afterwards, Bryant co-founded an independent record label, Heads High Entertainment, but it folded within a year.[6]
In 2011, Bryant was featured in Taiwanese singer Jay Chou's single, "The Heaven and Earth Challenge" (天地一鬥, pronounced "Tian Di Yi Dou").[305] The proceeds for downloads of both the single and ringtones were donated to impoverished schools for basketball facilities and equipment.[306] The music video of the single also features Bryant.[307] The song was also used by Sprite in its 2011 marketing campaign in China.[308]
In 2009, rapper Lil Wayne titled a song "Kobe Bryant."[309] Similarly, in 2010, the rapper Sho Baraka released a song called "Kobe Bryant On'em", which was featured in his album Lions and Liars.[310]
Philanthropy
Bryant is the official ambassador for After-School All-Stars (ASAS), an American non-profit organization that provides comprehensive after-school programs to children in 13 US cities.[311] Bryant also started the Kobe Bryant China Fund which partnered with the Soong Ching Ling Foundation, a charity backed by the Chinese government.[312] The Kobe Bryant China Fund raises money within China earmarked for education and health programs.[312] On November 4, 2010, Bryant appeared alongside Zach Braff at the Call of Duty: Black Ops launch event at the Santa Monica Airport, where they presented a $1 million check to the Call of Duty Endowment, an Activision-founded nonprofit organization that helps veterans transition to civilian careers after their military service has ended.[288]See also
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